Farewell To Nemi

We are at the end of our enquiry, but as often happens in the search after truth, if we have answered one question, we have raised many more; if we have followed one track home, we have had to pass by others that opened off it and led, or seemed to lead, to far other goals than the sacred grove at Nemi. Some of these paths we have followed a little way; others, if fortune should be kind, the writer and the reader may one day pursue together. For the present we have journeyed far enough together, and it is time to part. Yet before we do so, we may well ask ourselves whether there is not some more general conclusion, some lesson, if possible, of hope and encourage- ment, to be drawn from the melancholy record of human error and folly which has engaged our attention in this book.

If then we consider, on the one hand, the essential similarity of man's chief wants everywhere and at all times, and on the other hand, the wide difference between the means he has adopted to satisfy them in different ages, we shall perhaps be disposed to conclude that the movement of the higher thought, so far as we can trace it, has on the whole been from magic through religion to science. In magic man depends on his own strength to meet the difficulties and dangers that beset him on every side. He beheves in a certain established order of nature on which he can surely count, and which he can manipulate for his own ends. When he discovers his mistake, when he recognises sadly that both the order of nature which he had assumed and the control which he had beheved himself to exercise over it were purely imaginary, he ceases to rely on his own intelligence and his own unaided efforts, and throws himself humbly on the mercy of certain great invisible beings behind the veil of nature, to whom he now ascribes all tho.se far-reaching powers which he once arrogated to himself. Thus in the acuter minds magic is gradually superseded by religion, which explains the succession of natural phenomena as regulated by the will, the passion, or the caprice of spiritual beings like man in kind, though vastly superior to him in power.

But as time goes on this explanation in its turn proves to be un- satisfactory. For it assumes that the succession of natural events

712 FAREWELL TO NEMI ch.

is not determined by immutable laws, but is to some extent variable and irregular, and this assumption is not borne out by closer observa- tion. On the contrary, the more we scrutinise that succession the more we are struck by the rigid uniformity, the punctual precision with which, wherever we can follow them, the operations of nature are carried on. Every great advance in knowledge has extended the sphere of order and correspondingly restricted the sphere of apparent disorder in the world, till now we are ready to anticipate that even in regions where chance and confusion appear still to reign, a fuller know- ledge would everywhere reduce the seeming chaos to cosmos. Thus the keener minds, still pressing forward to a deeper solution of the mysteries of the universe, come to reject the religious theory of nature as inade- quate, and to revert in a measure to the older standpoint of magic by postulating explicitly, what in magic had only been implicitly assumed, to wit, an inflexible regularity in the order of natural events, which, if carefully observed, enables us to foresee their course with certainty and to act accordingly. In short, religion, regarded as an explanation of nature, is displaced by science.

But while science has this much in common with magic that both rest on a faith in order as the underlying principle of all things, readers of this work will hardly need to be reminded that the order presupposed by magic differs widely from that which forms the basis of science. The difference flows naturally from the different modes in which the two orders have been reached. For whereas the order on which magic reckons is merely an extension, by false analogy, of the order in which ideas present themselves to our minds, the order laid down by science is derived from patient and exact observation of the phenomena themselves. The abundance, the solidity, and the splendour of the results already achieved by science are well fitted to inspire us with a cheerful confidence in the soundness of its method. Here at last, after groping about in the dark for countless ages, man has hit upon a clue to the labyrinth, a golden key that opens many locks in the treasury of nature. It is probably not too much to say that the hope of progress — moral and intellectual as well as material — in the future is bound up with the fortunes of science, and that every obstacle placed in the way of scientific discovery is a wrong to humanity.

Yet the history of thought should warn us against concluding that because the scientific theory of the world is the best that has yet been formulated, it is necessarily complete and final. We must remember that at bottom the generalisations of science or, in common parlance, the laws of nature are merely hypotheses devised to explain that ever- shifting phantasmagoria of thought which we dignify with the high- sounding names of the world and the universe. In the last analysis magic, religion, and science are nothing but theories of thought ; and as science has supplanted its predecessors, so it may hereafter be itself superseded by some more perfect hypothesis, perhaps by some totally different way of looking at the phenomena — of registering the shadows on the screen — of which we in this generation can form no idea. The

Lxix FAREWELL TO NEMI 713

advance of knowledge is an infinite progression towards a goal that for ever recedes. We need not murmur at the endless pursuit ;

Fatti non foste a viver come bruti Ma per seguir virtute e conoscenza.

Great things will come of that pursuit, though we may not enjoy them. Brighter stars will rise on some voyager of the future — some great Ulysses of the realms of thought — than shine on us. The dreams of magic may one day be the waking realities of science. But a dark shadow lies athwart the far end of this fair prospect. For however vast the increase of knowledge and of power which the future may have in store for man, he can scarcely hope to stay the sweep of those great forces which seem to be making silently but relentlessly for the destruc- tion of all this starry universe in which our earth swims as a speck or mote. In the ages to come man may be able to predict, perhaps even to control, the wayward courses of the winds and clouds, but hardly will his puny hands have strength to speed afresh our slackening planet in its orbit or rekindle the dying fire of the sun. Yet the philosopher who trembles at the idea of such distant catastrophes may console himself by reflecting that these gloomy apprehensions, like the earth and the sun themselves, are only parts of that unsubstantial world which thought has conjured up out of the void, and that the phantoms which the subtle enchantress has evoked to-day she may ban to-morrow. They too, like so much that to common eyes seems solid, may melt into air, into thin air.

Without dipping so far into the future, we may illustrate the course which thought has hitherto run by likening it to a web woven of three different threads — the black thread of magic, the red thread of religion, and the white thread of science, if under science we may include those simple truths, drawn from observation of nature, of which men in all ages have possessed a store. Could we then survey the web of thought from the beginning, we should probably perceive it to be at first a chequer of black and white, a patchwork of true and false notions, hardly tinged as yet by the red thread of religion. But carry your eye farther along the fabric and you will remark that, while the black and white chequer still runs through it, there rests on the middle portion of the web, where reHgion has entered most deeply into its texture, a dark crimson stain, which shades off insensibly into a lighter tint as the white thread of science is woven more and more into the tissue. To a web thus chequered and stained, thus shot with threads of diverse hues, but gradually changing colour the farther it is unrolled, the state of modern thought, with all its divergent aims and conflicting tendencies, may be compared. Will the great movement which for centuries has been slowly altering the complexion of thought be con- tinued in the near future? or will a reaction set in which may arrest progress and even undo much that has been done? To keep up our parable, what will be the colour of the web which the Fates are now weaving on the humming loom of time ? will it be white or red ? We

7U FAREWELL TO NEMi m. LxiX

cannot tell. A faint glimmering light illumines the backward portion of the web. Clouds and thick darkness hide the other end.

Our long voyage of discovery is over and our bark has drooped her weary sails in port at last. Once more we take the road to Nemi. It is evening, and as we climb the long slope of the Appian Way up to the Alban Hills, we look back and see the sky aflame with sunset, its golden glory resting like the aureole of a dying saint over Rome and touching with a crest of fire the dome of St. Peter's. The sight once seen can never be forgotten, but we turn from it and pursue our way darkling along the mountain side, till we come to Nemi and look down on the lake in its deep hollow, now fast disappearing in the evening shadows. The place has changed but little since Diana received the; homage of her worshippers in the sacred grove. The temple of the sylvan goddess, indeed, has vanished and the King of the Wood no longer stands sentinel over the Golden Bough. But Nemi's woods are still green, and as the sunset fades above them in the west, there comes to us, borne on the swell of the wind, the sound of the church bells of Aricia ringing the Angelus. Ave Maria! Sweet and solemn they chime out from the distant town and die lingeringly away across the wide Campagnan marshes. Le roi est mort, vive le roil Ave Maria!

INDEX

Abbas the Great, Shah of Persia, 289

Abbot of Unreason, 586

Abchases of the Caucasus, 534

Abduction of souls by demons, 186

Abeokuta, the Alake of, 295

Abipones of Paraguay, 254

Abonsam, an evil spirit, 555

Abruzzi, the Carnival in the, 303

Abscesses, cure for, 539

Absence and recall of the soul, ISO

Abstinence, 136, 138

Abydos, 366 ; specially associated with Osiris, 367

Abyssinia, rain-making in, 66; rain-making priests on the borders of, 107

Acagchemem tribe of California, 499

Acaill, Book of, 273

Acosta, J, de, 587

Acts, tabooed, 194-202

Adam of Bremen, 160

Adon, a Semitic title, 325

Adonis, and Aphrodite (Venus), 7, 8, 328; the myth of, 324-7; in Syria, 327-9; in Cyprus, 329-35; ritual of, 335-41; the gardens of, 341-7; in relation to the pig, 47 1

Adonis, the river, 328, 336

Adoption, pretence of birth at, 14

Adultery of wife thought to spoil the luck of absent husband, 23, 24

Aegira, priestess of Earth at, 94

Aegis, Athena and the, 477

Aeneas, and the Golden Bough, 3, 163, 703, 706, 707; his vision of the glories of Rome, 149

Aeolus, King of the Winds, 81

Aesculapius, 5, 111, 301

Afghanistan, ceremony at the reception of

strangers in, 196 Africa, magicians, especially rain-makers, as chiefs and kings in, 84-6; human gods in, 98; rules of life or taboos observed by kings in, 169-72; reluctance of people to tell their own names in, 247; seclusion of girls vat puberty in, 595; dread and seclusion of menstruous women in, 604; birth-trees in, 681 Africa, British Central, heart of lion eaten to

make eater brave in, 495 , East, seclusion and purification of man- slayers fti, 214; infanticide in, 293; pro- pitiation of dead lions in, 522

Africa, North, charms to render bridegroom impotent in, 241; Midsummer fires in,

, South, rat's hair as a charm in. 31;

continence in war in, 211; seclusion of man-slayers in, 214; disposal of cut hair and nails in, 235; magic use of spittle in, 237; personal names tabooed in, 247; rites of initiation in, 497; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 595; dread of men- struous women in, 604; story of the external soul in, 677

, West, magical functions of chiefs in,

85 ; reverence for silk-cotton trees in , 112; kings forced to accept office in, 176; fetish kings in, 177; traps set for souls in, 187; purification after a journey in, 197; custom as to blood shed on the ground, 229; rain-charms, 234; negroes of, 236; human sacrifices in, 433, 570; propitiation of dead leopard in, 523; the external soul in, 684; ritual of death and resurrection in, 697

Afterbirth, contagious magic of, 39-41

Agar Dinka, the, 270

Agaric, superstitions as to, 618

Agdestis, a man-monster, 349

Age of magic, 55, 56

Agni, Indian fire-god, 708

Agricultural year, expulsion of demons timed to coincide with seasons of the,

Agrionia, festival at Orchomenus, 291

Agu, Mount, in Togo, wind-fetish on, 81; fetish priest on, 169

Ague, cure for, 545, 546

Aht of Nootka Indians, 599

Ainos, 481, 496, 515. 528. 530, 532; of Japan, 252, 505, 506, 660; of Saghalien, 20, 509

Akikuyu of British East Africa, 145, 604

Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, Roman version of, 671

Alake, the, of Abeokuta, 295

Alaska, respect of hunters for dead sables and bears in, 525; expulsion of evils in. 555 ; seclusion of girls at puberty in,

Alba Longa, 148; kings of, 149

Alban dynasty, 149; hills, 148; lake, 149; mountain, 149, 150, 167

7i«;

INDEX

Albania, milk-stones In, 34; mock lamen- tations for locusts and beetles in, 531; expulsion of Kotc on Easter Eve in, 560; the Yule log in, 638

Albanians of the Caucasus, 251, 571

Albjgenses worshipped each other, 101

Alchemy leads up to chemistry, 92

Aleuts of Alaska, 221

Alexandria, festival of Adonis at, 335

Alexandrian calendar, 374; year, 373

Aifai, rain-making priest, 107

Alfoors, of the island of Buru, 250; of Central Celebes, 181, 690; of Halmahera, 548; of Minahassa, 94, 95. 186, 482, 492; of Poso, 248

Algeria, Midsummer fires in, 631

Algidus, Mount, 150, 164

Algonquins, 144

All-healer, name applied to mistletoe, 659-61

All Saints' Day, 634, 636

All Souls, feast of, 360

Allan, John Hay, on the Hays of Errol, 702

AUatu, Babylonian goddess, 326, 327

All-Hallows (All Saints' Day), 173

Almond, causes virgin to conceive, 347; the father of all things, 347

Alpheus, the sacred, 110

Alqamar, tribe of nomads, 64

Alsace, May-trees in, 121; the Little May Rose in, 125; stuffed goat or fox at thresh- ing in, 457; cats burnt in Easter bonfires in, 656

Altmark, the May Bride at Whitsuntide in the, 135; Easter bonfires in the, 615,

Alvarado, Pedro de, Spanish general, 687

Amaxosa Caffres, 522

Amazon, Indians at the mouth of the, 581

Amboyna, rice , in bloom treated like a pregnant woman, 115; ceremony 1»o fertilise clove-trees in, 137; fear to lose the shadow at noon in, 191; sick people sprinkled with pungent spices in, 196; superstil ion re- garding hair in, 680

America, power of medicine men in North, 87; continence in Central, 138; the Corn Mother in, 412; personification of maize in North, 419; first-fruit ceremonies in, 486, 487

American Indians, 29, 63, 82, 87. Ill, 136. 138, 214, 244, 246, 252, 253, 256. 264, 522. See also North American Indians

Amethysts as charms, 34, 85

Ammon, the god, 142. 477, 500

Amoy, spirits who draw away the souls of children at, 186

Amphictyon, king of Athens, 155

Amulets. 109, 242, 243, 679, 680

Amulius Silvius. 149

Anabis, human god at. 96

Anaitis. Persian goddess, 331

Anatomie of Abuses, 123

Ancestor, wooden image of, 679

Ancestors, prayers to. 71; sacrifices to, 72; souls of, in trees, 115; names of, bestowed on their reincarnations, 256

Ancus Marcius, Roman king. 158

Andaman Islanders, 192

Anderida, forest of. 109

Andes, the Peruvian, 79; the Colombian,

Anemone, the scarlet, 336

Angamis. Eastern, of Manipur. 64

Angola, the Matiamvo of. 271

Angoni, the, 73, 214

Angoniland, rain-making in, 6^

Angoy, king of, 273

Anhouri, Egyptian god, 265

Animal, killing the divine. 499-518; and man, sympathetic relation between, 700

Animals, homeopathic magic of. 31; asso- ciation of ideas common to the, 54; rain-making by means of, 72; injured through their shadows, 190; propitiation of the spirits of slain, 217, 220; torn to pieces and devoured in religious rites, 390, 391; so-called unclean, originally sacred, 472; belief in the descent of men from, 473; resurrection of, 516, 528. 529; wild, propitiation of, 518-32; two forms of the worship of, 532; pro- cessions with sacred, 535; transference of evil to, 540-42; as scapegoats, 540, 565, 568, 570, 576; burnt at festivals, 655, 656; perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, 657, 658; external soul in, 683-91

Animism, the Buddhist, not a philosophical theory, 112; passing into polytheism,

Anjea. mythical being, 39

Anna Kuari. an Oraon goddess, 434

Annam, ceremonies observed when a whale is washed ashore in. 223

Anointing stones, in order to avert bullets from absent warriors, 26; in a rain- charm. 76

Anointment, of weapon which caused wound, 41; of priest at installation, 174

Anthropomorphism of the spirits of nature,

Antigonus, King, 97

Antioch, festival of Adonis at, 336, 346

Antrim, harvest customs in, 404

Ants, bites of, used in purificatory cere- monies, 195. 601; for lethargic patients,

Anubis, the jackal-headed god, 366. 367,

Anula tribe of Northern Australia, 64. 72,

Apaches, the, 76, 211

Apalai Indians. 195

Ape, a Batak totem. 691

Aphrodite, 4; and Adonis, 7, 327, 335; the mourning, of the Lebanon, 329; sanctuary of, 330; and Cinyras and Pygmalion, 332; her blood dyes white roses red, 336

Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, 335, 365, 476,

Apollo, prophetess of. 95 ; image of. in sacred cave at Hylae, 95; and Artemis, 120; at Delphi, 265; his musical contest with Marsyas. 354; identified with the Celtic Grannus, 611

Apollo Diradiotes, inspired priestess at temple of, 94

INDEX

Apologies offered to trees, 113, 115. 116; by savages to the animals they kill, 520,

Apoyaos, head-hunters, 433

Apple-tree, barren women roll under, to obtain offspring, 120; straw man placed on oldest, 467; torches thrown at, 610; as life-index of boy, 682

Arab charms, 31, 242; name for the scarlet anemone, 336

Arabia, belief as to shadows in ancient, 190; camel as scapegoat in, 540

Arabian Nights, story of the external soul in the. 674

Arabs, of Moab, 32, 378; of North Africa,

Araucanians of South America, 245

Archigallus, high priest of Attis, 349, 353

Arctic regions, ceremonies at the reappear- ance of the bun in the, 55 1

Arden, forest of, 110

Ardennes, effigies of Carnival in the, 305; exorcising rats in the, 531; bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, 609, 656; Lenten fires and customs in the French,

Aricia, 1, 2; many Manii at, 6, 491; its distance from the sanctuary, 106; the priest of, 582. 592. 593, 703

Arician grove, 5, 6, 301, 477-9, 491, 582,

Arizona, aridity of, 76

Armenia, rain-making in, 70; cut hair, nails, and extracted teeth preserved in, 236; sacred prostitution of girls before marriage in, 331

Arrows, in homeopathic magic, 29 ; in contagious magic, 41 ; fire-tipped, shot at sun during an eclipse, 78; shot as a rain-charm, 99

Arsacid house, divinity of Parthian kings of the, 104

Art. sylvan deities in classical, 117

Artemis. 120, 140, 141; and Hippolytus, 4-7; and Apollo, 120; of Ephesus, 141, 349; at Perga, 330; the Hanged, 355

Aru Islands, custom of not sleeping after a death in the, 182; dog's flesh eaten to make eater brave, 496

Arunta of Central Australia, 17, 603

Arval Brothers, 224, 578.

Aryan god of thunder, 638

Aryans, magical powers ascribed to kings. 89; in Europe, 110, 159, 161, 163, 656, 665; descent of kingship through women, 155; of ancient India, 490; their use of the sacred oak-wood, 666; stories of the external soul, 668; reverence for the oak,

Ascension Day, 312, 702

Ascetic idealism of the East, 139

Ash-tree in popular cures, 546, 682

Ash Wednesday 302, 304, 305, 461, 614

Ashantees, 497

Ashes, in magic, 30-32, 72. 76; of human victims scattered on fields, 378-80, 433, 436-8, 442, 443; of bonfires, use of, 611, 615, 621, 635, 645, 646; of Midsummer fires, 626, 629, 631. 632; of the Yule log, 637; of the need-fire, 640

Asia Minor, pontiffs in, 9, human scape- goats in, 579

Asongtata, annual ceremony performed by the Garos of Assam, 568

Asopus, the river, 143

Aspalis, a form of Artemis, 355

Ass, in cure for scorpion's bite, 544

Assam, the hill tribes of, taboos observed by the headman and his wife, 173, and by warriors, 212; parents named after their children in, 248; head-hunting in, 441; the Asongtata ceremony in, 568

Assumption of the Virgin, festival of, 360

Astarte, a great Babylonian goddess, 327, 335,

Athamas, king of Alus, 290-92

Athena and the aegis, 477

Athenian sacrifice of the bouphonia, 466

Athenians, decree divine honours to Deme- trius Poliorcetes and his father Antigonus, 97; prayed to Zeus for rain, 159; their tribute of youths and maidens to Minos, 280; sacrifice to Dionysus for the fruits of the land, 386; their use of human scape- goats, 579

Athens, king and queen at, 9; titular king at, 1 06 ; marriage of Dionysus at, 1 42 ; female kinship at, 155 ; sacred spots struck by lightning at, 1 59 ; the Com- memoration of the Dead at, 340; Dionysus of the Black Goatskin at, 390; annual sacrifice of a goat on the Acropolis of, 477; fever transferred to pillar at, 545

Atonement, Jewish Day of, 569

Attica, summer festival of Adonis in, 336; Flowery Dionysus in, 387; time of thresh- ing in, 466; killing an ox formerly a capital crime in, 466

Attis, and Cybele, 4, 5, 8; myth and ritual of, 347-52; as a god of vegetation, 352, 353 ; human representatives of, 353-6 ; his relation to Lityerses, 440; killed by a boar, 471

Augustine, 359, 382

Augustus as a ruler, 46

Aun or On, King of Sweden, 278, 290

Aurelia Aemilia, a sacred harlot, 331

Australia, magical ceremonies in, 17; charms in, 32; contagious magic in, 38, 39, 42, 44. 45; magic practised but religion nearly unknown in aboriginal. 55; rain-making in, 64, 65, 72, 76; detaining the sun or hastening its descent in, 80; dust columns thought to be spirits in, 82; government of old men in aboriginal, 83; ceremony observed at approaching the camp of another tribe, 197 ; totemism in, 533 ; annual expulsion of ghosts in, 550; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 603; initiation of young men in, 692

, Central, magical ceremonies for the

supply of food in, 17; charm to promote the growth of beards in, 32; contagious magic of wounds in, 42; headmen of totem clans public magicians in, 83; con- cealment of personal names in. 245; avoid- ance of the names of the dead in, 252; magical rites for the revival of nature inr 323: expeUinf? the devil in, 548

INDEX

Australia, Northern, homoeopathic magic of flesh diet in, 496

■ , South-eastern, contagious magic of

footprints in, 44, and of bodily impressions, 45; sex totems in, 687-9

, Western, belief as to the placenta in, 39

Australian aborigines (blacks), 38, 39, 55, 80, 179, 190, 205, 207, 229, 234, 244, 251, 253, 254, 349, 533, 539, 551

Austria, charm to make fruit trees bear in, 28 ; belief in the sensitiveness of trees, 113; harvest customs in, 405 ; children warned against the Corn-cock in, 451 ; mythical calf in the corn in, 459; Mid- summer fires in, 625; the mistletoe in, 663

Autumn-hen, last sheaf called, 451

Auvergne, Lenten fires in, 611 , Auxerre, harvest customs in, 401, 459

Auxesia and Damia, 7

Awa-nkonde, the, 596

"Awasungu, house of the," 596

Axe, that slew ox, condemned, 466

Axo-mama (Potato-mother), 413

Aymara Indians, 73, 565

Azadirachta Indica, 72

Aztecs, 488, 587, 681

Ba-Pedi of South Africa, 209, 211, 220

Ba-Ronga of South Africa, 677

Ba-Thonga of South Africa, 211, 220

Baal, phrophets of, 66

Baba, name given to last sheaf, 404

Babar Archipelago, ceremony to obtain a child for barren woman in the, 14; satur- nalia at marriage of Sun and Earth, 136-7; fatigue transferred to stones in the,

Babylon, theocratic despotism of ancient, 48; sanctuary of Bel at, 142; mortality of the high gods of, 265; festival of Zagmuk at, 281; festival of Sacaea at, 282; sanctified harlotry at, 330

Babylonia, divinity of the early kings, 104; worship of Adonis in, 325

Bacchanals of Thrace, ivy eaten by, 95; tore Pentheus in pieces, 378, 392; wore horns, 390

Bacchic frenzy, 29

Bacchus or Dionysus, 386. See Dionysus

Badagas of the Neilgherry Hills, 482, 541.

Badonsachen, king of Burma, 99

Baduwis of Java, 225

Baffin Land, expulsion of Sedna in, 552

Bag, souls of persons deposited in a, 186, 675, 679 ; soul of dying chief caught in a, 294, 295

Baganda of Central Africa, 40, 98, 137, 145, 523, 539. 604

Bagba, a wind-fetish, 81, 170

Bageshu of East Africa, 2 1 4

Bagobos of Minandao, 180, 355, 433

Bahaus. See Kayans

Bahima, of Central Africa, 257; of Uganda,

Bailly, J. S., French astronomer, 337

Balder, the myth of, 607-9; and the mistle- toe, 608. 658-67, 701, 702, 710

Balder's Balefires, 625, 664

Bali, island of, rice personified as husband and wife in, 418; expulsion of devils in,

Ball-players, homoeopathic charms employed by. 29

Balls, gold and silver, to imitate the sun and moon, 121

Balong of the Cameroons, 685

Bangala of the Upper Congo, 247

Banjars in West Africa, 86

Banks' Islands, magical stones in the, 33; making sunshine in the, 78-9; ghosts in stones in the, 190; ceremony for getting rid of fatigue in the, 540

Banting in Sarawak, rules observed during absence of warriors at, 25

Bantu tribes. 209, 215

Banyoro, the, 85, 565

Barea of East Africa, 107

Barenton, the fountain of, 76, 77

Ban of the Upper Nile, 85

Barley, oldest cereal cultivated by the Aryans, 399

Barley-cow. 457, 458; -mother, 399; -sow, 460; -wolf, 448, 449

Baronga, the, of South Africa. 67. 71

Barren women. See under Women

Bashilange, reception of the subject chiefs by head chief among the, 198

Basque hunter transformed into bear, 692,

Bastard, name given to last sheaf, 406

Bastian, Adolf, 533

Basutos. 38, 192, 214

Bataks of Sumatra, 14, 40, 82. 184, 198, 541, 570, 690, 691

Batavia. rain-making in. 72

Batchelor, Rev, J., 506, 515, 516

Bathing as a rain-charm, 70

Bats, the lives of men in, 687. 688

Bavaria, charms in, 28; magic in, 29, 40, 42, 43; greasing weapon instead of wound in, 42; green bushes placed at doors of newly married pairs in, 119; the May- pole in, 124; the Walber in, 126; saying as to crossed legs in. 240; Whitsuntide mummers in Lower, 297; carrying out Death in, 307; contests between Summer and Winter in, 316; the corn-spirit in, 402; harvest customs in. 405, 426-8, 454, 456, 457, 461; cure for fever in, 544; expulsion of witches in, 561; Easter fires in, 616; Midsummer fires in, 623, 653

Bean, King of the, 586

Bean-cock, 451; -goat, 454

Bear, taboos concerning, 221; custom ob- served after killing a, 222; killing the sacred, 505

Beards, magic to promote growth of, 32

Beasts, sacred, held responsible for the course of nature in ancient Egypt, 87

Beating a man's garment instead of the man. 44; with rods in rain-making. 66; frogs, as a rain-charm. 73

Beauce and Perche, 40

Bechuanas, the, of South Africa, 31, 73. 197, 474, 484

Bed-clothes, contagious magic of bodily im- pressions on. 45

Bede, on the succession of Pictish ^ings, 156

INDEX

Bedouiiifi attack whirlwinds, 83 Beeches of Latium, 150

Beech-tree, in sacred grove of Diana, 8; burnt in Lenten bonfire, 612

Beena marriage, 152

Beer, continence observed at brewing, 219 Beetle, in magic, 31; superstitious precau- tions against beetles, 531; external soul in a, 674

Belgium, Lenten fires in, 609; Midsummer fires in, 630

Bella Coola Indians, 600

Bells, used in exorcism, 195, 568; to conjure spirits, 199; worn as amulets, 226; rung as a protection against witches, 560, 561

Beltane fires, 617-22, 653; cakes, 618-21; carline, 618

Benares, Hindoo gentleman worshipped as a god at, 100

Bengal, marriage ceremony at the digging of wells, 144; rule of succession of kings of, 277; ceremony over a Karma-tree in, 342; human sacrifices in, 434; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 602; stories of the external soul in, 670

Benin, king of, worshipped as a god, 99, 200; human sacrifices in, 433

Bera Pennu, Earth goddess, 434

Berawans of Sarawak, 15

Berbers of North Africa, 631

Berlin, treatment of navel-string in, 40

Besisis of the Malay Peninsula, 191

Besoms, burning, flung into the air to make corn grow, 647

Bethlehem, the Star of, 347

Betsileo of Madagascar, 229

Bhars of India, 565

Bhotiyas of Juhar, 569

Biajas of Borneo, the, 566

Bibili, of New Guinea, the natives reputed to make wind, 80

Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of,

Bilaspur or Bilaspore, twirling spindles for- bidden in, 20; temporary rajah in, 287

Bilqula. 5«« Bella Coola

Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, 693

Birch-trees, 121, 128, 627

Bird, soul conceived as a, 181

Birds, cause headache through clipped hair, 234, 237; absent warriors called, 247; tongues of, eaten, 496 ; as scapegoats, 541, 545; external souls in, 670, 672, 675-7

Birth, pretence of, 14, 15, 197, 406, 421; a man's fortune determined by the day and hour of his, 37; new, 351, 697

Birth-trees, in Africa, 681; in Europe, 682

Bitch, last sheaf called the, 449

Bithynia, song of reapers in, 425

Black colour in rain-making ceremonies, 67; animals in rain-charms, 72, 161

Blackfoot Indians, 21, 22. 524

Blindness, charm to cause, 30

Blood, sympathetic connection between a wounded person and his shed, 43; human, m rain-making ceremonies, 65; as a means of inspiration, 94; smeared on ' woodwork of House, 117; put' on door- oosts, 175; of childbirth, 209, 229; smeared

on person as a purification, 221; tabooed, 227-30; royal, not to be shed on the ground, 228; unwillingness to shed, 228; received on bodies of kinsfolk, 229; drops of, effaced, 229; of chief sacred, 230; fetish priests allowed to drink fresh, 238; Day of, in the festival of Attis, 349, 353; bath of bull's, in the rites of Attis, 351; remission of sins through the shedding of, 356; sprinkled on seed and scattered on field. 432, 434, 438; of sacrificial horse, 478; of men drunk to acquire their qualities, 497, 498; as a means of communion with a deity, 535; of children used to knead a paste, 553; girls at puberty forbidden to see, 6Q0; menstruous, 603, 604

Blood-brotherhood, 113; -covenant, 202

Blu-u Kayans of Borneo, 195

Boa-constrictor, Caffres' dread of, 222

Boar, in magic, 31; and Adonis, 325, 471; Attis killed by a. 347, 471; corn-spirit as. 460; the Yule, 461, 462; Christmas, 462

Boas, Dr. Franz, 699

Boba, name given to the last sheaf, 405

Bodio, fetish king, 86

Boeotians, the, 143, 371

Bogota, rigorous training of the heir to the throne of, 595

Bohemia, Midsummer tree burned in, 122; throwing Death into the water in, 125; May King and Queen in, 130-32; Whit- suntide mummers in, 298, 299; carrying out Death in, 309, 310; bringing in Sum- mer in, 311; the last sheaf in, 404; harvest customs in, 429, 456, 457; cure for fever in, 544; expulsion of witches in, 561; bonfires in, 621, 626; charm to make com grow high in, 647; fern-seed on St. John's Day in, 704, 705

Boils, 473

Bolivia, seclusion of girls at puberty in, 601

Bombay, belief as to absence of sleeper's soul in, 183

Bones, of dead in magic, 30, 71; human, buried as a rain-charm, 72; departing souls bottled up in hoUow, 180; used as charms, 201, 495; cakes baked in the shape of, 489; of animals, treatment of, 525-9; burnt in bonfires, 616

Bonfires, Midsummer, 122, 622, 629, 645; leaping over, 318, 610; supposed to pro- tect against conflagration, 610; lit by persons last married, 610; a protection against sickness, witchcraft, and sorcery, 610, 620, 621; fertilising influence of, 645, 646; protect fields against hail and home- steads against thunder and lightning, 649

Boni, Commendatore G., 163

Bontoc, the natives of, 433

Bormus or Borimus, 425, 442

Borneo, the Dyaks of, 14; rules observed by camphor-hunters in, 21; telepathy in war in, 25; hooks to catch souls in, 180; rice used to prevent soul from wandering, 181; precautions against strangers in, 195; use of puppets as substitutes for living persons, 492; sickness expelled in a ship from, 564; expulsion of evils in, 566; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 597; birth .custom in, 679; tree as life-index in. 682

INDEX

Bororos of Brazil, 181, 484

Bosnian Turks, 15

Bough, the Golden. See Golden Bough

Bouphonia, Athenian sacrifice, 466

Boys, at initiation, 692, 696

Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, the Hindoo trinity, 52

Brahmans, 33, 67. 79, 100. 227, 245, 285, 288, 343. 490

Brains of enemies eaten, 498

Branches, used in rain-charm, 63, 64; in exorcism, 197* fatigue and sickness trans- ferred to, 540, 564

Brand, John, 636, 637

Brandy, North American Indian theory of,

Bray, Mrs., 446

Brazil, Indians of, 88, 181, 495. 523, 581; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 601

Bread, leavened, Flamen Dialis forbidden to touch, 174; fast from, in mourning for Attis, 350; communion, 481; eaten sacra- mentally, 488, 498

Bread-fruit, 33

Breath, of chief sacred. 205, 231; caught by his successor, 294

Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit, 101

Breton superstitions as to tides, 35; peasants' way of getting rain, 76; stories of the external soul. 674; peasants and the mistle- toe. 704

Brewing, continence observed at, 219

Bribri Indians, the, 208, 605

Bride, the Whitsuntide, 132, 135; the May, 135; races for a, 156; fishing-net thrown over, 242; of the Nile, 370; name given to last sheaf, 408

Bride and bridegroom, the Whitsuntide. 133; the Midsummer, 133; all knots on their garments unloosed, 241

Bridegroom, the Whitsuntide, 133; of May. 133, 320

Bridget in Scotland and the Isle of Man, 134

Brigit, a Celtic goddess, 135

Brimo and Brimos in the mysteries of Eleusis,

British Columbia. See Columbia, British

Brittany, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, 35; the Mother-sheaf in Upper, 401; Mid- summer fires in, 628; mistletoe as a. pro- tection against witchcraft in, 704; fern- seed on Midsummer Eve in, 705 "Brooke, Rajah, of Sarawak, 89 '

Brotherhood of the Green Wolf, 628

Brothers, childless persons named after their younger, 248; ancient Egyptian story of the Two, 674

and sisters, marriage of, 332

Brothers-in-law, their names not to be pro- nounced, 250, 251

Brown, Dr. George, 84

Buddha, images of, drenched as a rain- charm, 77; the Footprint of, 235

Buddhas, living, 102

Buddhism, 112; and Christianity, 361

Buffalo, sacrificed for human victim, 436; a Batak totem, 691

BuSalo-buU. last sheaf called, 457

Buffaloes, propitiation of dead, 523; the resurrection of, 529; revered by the Todas, 534; as scapegoats, 565

Buginese of Celebes, 33

Building, continence during, 220

Bukaua of New Guinea, 597, 694

Bulgaria, 15; charms in, 30, 31; peasants threaten fruit trees to make them bear, 114; superstitions in. 240; harvest cus- toms in, 405; cure for fever in, 545; need- fire in, 640

Bull, in relation to Dionysus, 389, 390; corn-spirit as. 457, 465; at threshing, 458, 459

Bull's blood, bath of, in rites of Attis, 351

Bull-roarers, 692-5

Bullets, magical treatment of, 19; magical modes of averting, 26

Bullocks as scapegoats, 541

Bulls, sacred, of Ancient Egypt, 476

Bunyoro, king of, 199, 270

Burghers or Badagas. See Badagas.

Burglars, charms employed by, 30

Burial customs, 35, 175, 185, 190

Burma, priestly king in, 226, 227; king's name tabooed in. 257; custom of thresh- ing in, 418; expulsion of demons in, 549

Bume, Miss C. S., 446

Buru, East Indian island, girl sacrificed to crocodile in, 145; eating the soul of the rice in, 482; dog's flesh eaten in, 496

Burying the Carnival, 301-7

Bush negroes of Surinam, 166, 473

Bushmen of South Africa, 495, 604

Busiris, backbone of Osiris at, 367; ritual of Osiris at, 375; "the house of Osiris,"

Busiris, king of Egypt, 443

Butter, time for making, 35

Buzzard, killing the sacred, 499

Byblus, Adonis at, 327; Osiris and Isis at,

Cacongo. king of, 199

Cactus, the sacred, 23

Cadiz, death at low tide at, 35

Caesar, Julius, 46, 653

Caffres, the, 222, 235. 247-9, 522; of Sofala,

33; of Natal and Zululand. 483 Cailleach (Old Wife), name given to last

corn cut, 403. 409 Cairo, ceremony of cutting the dams at, 370 Cajaboneros Indians, the, 138 Calabar, expulsion of demons at Old, 492,

567; soul of chief in sacred grove at, 681;

belief of negroes regarding external souls,

Calabashes, souls shut up in, 188 Calabria, Easter custom in, 345 ; annual

expulsion of witches in, 560 Calendar, the ancient Greek. 279; regula- tion of the early,, an aflair of religion.

280; the Egyptian, 368; the Alexandrian,

373; of Esne. 373; the Mohammedan,

Calf, killed at harvest, 458; mythical, in

the com, 459 Calicut, rule of succession observed by the

Jfings of, 275-7, 296

INDEX

California, the shaman in, 88; killing the sacred buzzard in, 499; Indians of, 599, 707

Caligula and the priest of Nemi, 3

Cambodia, homoeopathic magic used by- hunters in, 18; human incarnation of god in, 95; kings of. 108, 167, 224, 266, 284, 289; superstitions regarding the head in, 230; annual expulsion of demons in, 559; palace purged of demons, 563; seclusion of girls at puberty, 602; ritual at cutting a parasitic orchid in, 660,

Cambodian story of the external soul, 668

Camel, plague transferred to, 540

Cameroons, the external soul in the, 681; theory of, 685

Camomile, burnt in Midsummer fire, 631

Camp shifted after a death, 252

Campbell, Major-General John, 436, 437

, Rev. J. G., 403

Camphor, 21, 24

Canadian Indians, 525, 526

Candlemas, 134, 461

Candles, 3; magical, 30; of human tallow, 56

Cannibal feast, legendary, at the Boeotian Orchomenus, 292

Cannibalism, 233, 391, 497

Caprification, 580

Car Nicobar, expulsion of devils in, 567

Caramantran, death of, 304

Caribs, the, 27, 495, 690

Carinthia, Green George in, 126; ceremony at the installation of a prince of, 287; custom at threshing in, 429

Carlin or Carline, "the Old Woman," in Scotland, 403

Carnival, dances at the, 28; burying the, 298, 301-7; the burial and resurrection of the, 315; at Rome in the rites of Attis, 350; in relation to the Saturnalia, 586; efiSgy burnt at end of, 614

Carolina, Indians of, 519

Caroline Islands, 40, 218; traditionary origin of fire in the, 707

Carpathus, laying out of corpses in, 243

Carrier Indians of North- West America, 18, 219, 606

"Carrying out Death," 125, 302, 307-16, 577, 6J3, 614

Carthage, Christians worshipping each other at, 101 ; the effeminate priests of the Great Mother at, 356

Carthaginian sacrifice of children to Moloch,

Carver, Captain Jonathan, 698

Castration, 347, 350

Cat, in homoeopathic magic, 32; in rain- charm, 72; corn-spirit as, 453; killed at harvest, 453; a representative of the devil, 656; story of a clan whose souls were all in one, 677; a Batak totem, 691. See also Cats

Cat's cradle as a charm, 20. 79; forbidden to boys among the Esquimaux, 20

Catat, Dr., 193

Caterpillars, precautions against, 531

Catholic Church, 335, 345

Catholic custom of dedicating candles, 3 ; as to partaking of the Eucharist, 488

Catlin, George. 88

Cats, burnt in bonfires, 610, 656; perhaps burnt as witches, 657

Cattle, magical stones for increase of, 33; influence of tree-spirits on, 119; crowned, 126; protected against wolves by charms, 242; last sheaf given to, 400, 407, 408, 412; Yule Boar given to the, 462; driven through, round, or between bonfires, 615, 620, 621. 624, 626-8, 640, 641; pro^ tected against sorcery by sprigs of mui- lein, 629 ; lighted brands carried round,

Cattle disease, Midsummer fires a protection against, 627; plague, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, 641

Caucasus, rain-making in the, 70; sacra ments of pastoral tribes in the, 534

Cayor in Senegal, the king of, 172

Cazembes of Angola, the, 203

Cecrops, king of Athens, 155

Cedar, sacred, 95

Cedar-tree, girl sacrificed to a, 112

Celebes, rain-charms in, 70; hooking souls in, 180; customs at childbirth in, 180; ceremonies for recovering souls in, 1 86 ; propitiation of souls of slain enemies in, 212; planting the rice in, 416; customs as to eating the new rice in, 482; the external soul in, 679

Celtic sacrifices, 653, 657; tales of the ex- ternal soul, 673

Celts, their worship of the oak, 110, 160; annual sacrifice to Artemis, 141 ; fire- festivals" of the, 632

Ceram, island of, sickness expelled in a ship from, 563; seclusion of girls at pubeity in, 597; the Kakian association in, 696

Ceres, the, in France, 401

Cetchwayo, king of Zululand, 257

Ceylon, ogres in, 669; king of, and bis external soul, 669, 670

Chaka, the Zulu despot, 86

Chams of Cochinchina, 29, 220

Charms, to ensure long life, 35; to prevent the sun from going down, 79; to facili- tate childbirth, 238

Chasas of Orissa, 473

Chastity observed for sake of absent persons, 23, 24; as a virtue not under- stood by savages, 139. See also Con- tinence

Chatti, German tribe, 232

Cheese, the Beltane, 620

Chent-Ament, title of Osiris, 375

Cheremiss of Caucasus, the 262, 560

Cherokees, the, 29, 40, 372, 520

Chibchas, the, 104

Chicomecohuatl, Mexican goddess, 589

Chiefs, supernatural power of, in Melanesia, 84; as magicians, 84; punished for drought and dearth, 86; tabooed, 202; sacred, 205; foods tabooed to, 238; names of, tabooed, 257-9

Chilcotin Indians, 78

Child, name given to last sheaf, 406; born on harvest field, pretence of, 406

Childbed, woman in, thought to control the wind, 80; souls of women dying in, live in trees, 115; tabooa on women in, 208

Ill

INDEX

Childbirth, precautions taken with mother at, 180, 181; women tabooed at, 207, 208; knots untied at, 238; homoeopathic magic to facilitate, 239

Children, taboos observed by, 21, 22; buried to the neck as a rain-charm, 75; parents named after their, 248; sacrificed, 281, 293, 380, 431; blood of, used to knead a paste, 553

Chilote Indians, 237

China, emperors of, 9; charms in, 35; geomancy in, 36; modes of compelling the rain-god to give rain in, 74; trees planted on graves in, 115; convulsions attributed to the action of demons in, 186; custom as to shadows at funerals in, 190; ceremony at the beginning of spring in, 468; popular superstitions in, 498; human scapegoats in, 566; expul- sion of evils in, 567

Chinese empire, incarnate human gods in the. 103

Chinigchinich, Califomian god, 499, 500

Chinna Kimedy, in India, 436

Chinook Indians, 256, 599

Chins, the, 551

Chippeway Indians, 605

Chiquites Indians of Paraguay, 526

Chiriguanos of South America, 601

Chitome or Chitomb^, a pontiff of Congo. 170, 266, 296

Chittagong, 239

Choctaws, the, 215

Cholera, demon of, 549, 551, 563; sent away in animal scapegoats, 565

Christ, his Nativity, 353; his crucifixion, 359; his resurrection, 359, 360

Christian festivals displace heathen festivals,

Christianity, its conflict with the Mithraic religion, 358; and Buddhism, 361

Christians, pretenders to divinity among,

Christmas, festival of, borrowed from the Mithraic religion, 358; heathen origin of,

Christmas Boar, 462; candles, 637

Church bells, a protection against witch- craft, 560

Ciminian forest, the, 110

Cingalese cure by means of devil-dancers,

Cinyras, father of Adonis, 327, 328, 332

Circassia, custom as to pear-trees in, 1 19

Circe, the land of, 150

Circumcision, 229, 694

Claudius, the Emperor, 3, 348

Clayton, Rev. A. C. 542

Clothes, magic sympathy between a person and his, 43. 44

Clotilde, Queen, 232

Clove trees treated like pregnant women,

Cloves, ceremony to make them grow,

Clucking-hen at threshing, 45 1

Clyack sheaf, 408; 425

Coast Murring tribe of New South Wales,

Cobra, ceremony after killing a, 2^2

Coca-mother, among the Peruvians, 413

Coco-nuts sacred in Northern India, 119

Cock, corn-spirit as, 450; name given to last sheaf, 451

Cockatoos, magical multiplication of, 17

Coel Coeth, Hallowe'en bonfire, 635

Coins, from the eyes of corpses, 3 1 ; portraits of kings not stamped on, 193

Columbia, British, use of magical images to procure fish in, 18; taboos imposed on parents of twins in, 66; belief regarding a physician and his patient 's soul, 1 89 ; Indians* dislike of telling their own names, 246; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 600; rites of initiation in, 699

Combs, when not to be used, 24, 174, 215,

Commagny, the priory of, 77

Communion with deity by eating new fruits,

Communion bread, 481

Compitalia, festival of the, 491

Conception in women caused by trees, 119

Congo, recall of stray souls among the tribes, 184; conjuring spirits before drink- ing in the, 199; royal persons forbidden to touch the ground, 594; rites of initia- tion on the Lower, 697

Connaught, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, 173

"Consort, the divine," 142

Constantine, the Emperor, 331

Consumption, cure for, 545

Contact or contagion in magic, law of, 1 1

Continence, required during search for sacred cactus, 23; practised before fertility ceremonies, 136; practised in order to make crops grow, 138; enjoined on people during rounds of sacred pontiff, 170; of priests, 170; on eve of period of taboo, 173; during war, 210, 211; after victory, 212; by hunters and fishers, 217; by workers in saltpans, 219; at brewing, 219; at house-building, 220; at making and repairing dams, 220; by lion-killers and bear-killers, 221, 222; at festival of first- fruits, 486

Cords, knotted, in magic, 241

Corea, kings responsible for rain and crops. 87; offerings to souls of the dead in trees in, 115; king not to be touched, 224; means of inspiring courage in, 496; use of torches to ensure good crops in, 647

Corinthians make images of Dionysus out of a pine-tree, 387

Cormac Mac Art, king of Ireland, 273

Com, spirit of the, embodied in human beings, 419; double personification of, as mother and daughter, 420

Corn-baby, 459; -bull, 458; -cat, 453; -cock, 451; -cow. 457; -foal, 460; -goat, 454; -pug, 449; -sow, 448, 460; -steer, 457; -wolf, 450

god, Adonis as a, 338; Attis as a, 353;

Osiris as a, 376

mother, 143. 399, 412

-reapers, songs of the, 424

INDEX

m

Com-spirlt, Adonis as a, 338; represented by human victims, 339; represented as a dead old man, 372; killing the, 425-431; slain in his human representatives, 438-47; how representative was chosen, 439; as an animal, 447-64.

Corn-medicine festival, 419, 420

Cornwall, temporary king in, 287

Cos, sanctuary of Aesculapius in, 111; harvest-home in, 396

Costa Rica, 605

Cottonwood trees, the shades or spirits of, 111. 112

Courland, custom of sowing in, 461

Cow, ceremony of rebirth from a golden, 197; sacred to Isis, 373; corn-spirit as, 457; as scapegoat, 565, 571; witches steal milk from, 648; mistletoe given to, 663

Creator, the grave of the, 264

Creek Indians, 211, 484, 605

Cretan festival of Dionysus, 389, 390

Crete, milk-stones in, 34

Crevaux, J., 195

Criminals shorn to make them confess, 680

Cripple Goat, last sheaf called, 455

Crocodile, girl sacrificed to a, 145

Crocodiles, Malay charm to catch, 19; spared by savages out of respect, 518

Cronus, his sacrifice of his son, 293

Crops, charms to promote the growth of the, 28, 288, 610, 613, 614, 624, 645; intercourse of the sexes to promote the growth of the, 136; human victims sacrificed for the, 355, 431; superstitious devices to get rid of vermin in the, 530; supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, 604, 606

"Cross of the Horse,'* first sheaf called, 460

Cross-road, fever deposited at, 544; offer- ings at, 557; ceremonies at, 561; Mid- summer fires lighted at, 625

"Crying the Mare" in Hertfordshire, 459

"Crying the neck" in Devonshire, 445

Crystals, magic of, 38, 76, 85

Cumanus, the inquisitor, 681

Cumont, Professor Franz, 584 'Cup-and-ball as a charm, 80

Cybele, Mother of the Gods, 347; worship of, 348

Cynaetha, festival of Dionysus at, 390

Cyprus, sacred prostitution in, 330

Cytisorus, son of Phrixus, 290, 291

Cyzicus, council chamber at, 225

Dacotas, 529

Daedala, festival of the, 143

Dahomey, the king of, 172, 199, 257

Dairi, the, or Mikado of Japan, 168, 169

Dairies, sacred, of the Todas, 175

Dalai Lama of Lhasa. 103

Dalmatia, belief as to the souls of trees in,

Damia and Auxesia, 7 -Dams, continence at making, 220; in Egypt,

369, 370 ,

Dances, of women while men are away fighting, 26, 27 ; to make hemp grow, 28 ; for rain, 64 ; round sacred trees, 118; round the May-pole. 122, 124. 126; round bonfires, 122. 610-12, 6 14. 620, 62 1 , 625 , 628-30; to fertilise gardens, 137; of king, 200; of successful head- hunters, 212; to propitiate souls of slain foes, 212; of victory, 213; of harvesters, 401, 427, 460; at festival of first-fruits, 486; at burial of the wren, 537; masked,

Danger Island, snares for souls in. 187

Danish magic of footprints, 44

Danzig, disposal of cut hair at, 235; last sheaf at harvest at, 400

Daramulun, a mythical being, 692, 693

Darfur, Sultan of. 200; people of, believe the liver to be the seat of the soul, 497

Date-palm, artificial fertilisation of the, 582

Day of Blood, in rites of Attis, 350; of Atonement, 569

De Barros, Portuguese historian, 277

Dead, the, homoeopathic magic of, 30; spirits of, 47; making rain by means of, 71; trees animated by the souls of, 115; sacrifices to, 175; taboos on persons who have handled, 205 ; names of, tabooed, 251-6; appear to the living in dreams, 256; festival of, 373, 633; worship of, 414; ghosts of, 551

Dead Sunday, 302

Death, pretence of, 16; " carrying out , " 125, 302, 307-16, 577, 613, 614; at ebb tide, 167, 168; mourners forbidden to sleep in a house after a, 182; custom of covering up mirrors after a, 192; from imagination, 204; ritual of, and resurrection, 691-711

Deir el Bahari, paintings at, 142

Deities duplicated through dialectical differ- ences in their names, 164, 165; of vege- tation as animals, 464-79

Deity, savage conception of, 92

Demeter, married to Zeus at Eleusis, 142; and Persephone. 393-8, 420; etymology cf her name, 399; in relation to the pig, 469; horse-headed, of Phigalia. 471; Black,

Demetrius Poliorcetes, deified, 97

Demons, of trees, 116; abduction of souls by, 186; and ghosts averse to iron, 226; deceived by effigies, 492; of disease exor- cised, 542; omnipresence of, 546; of cholera, 549, 551; men disguised as, 562; conjured into images, 568

D6n6 Indians, the, 208

Denmark, Whitsuntide customs in, 133 ,- Yule Boar in, 461; Midsummer fires in,

Departmental kings of nature, 106-9

Depilation, 681

Deputy, expedient of dying by, 278, 289

Devil-dancers, 542

Devils. Ste Demons

Devonshire, harvest customs in, 445.

Dharm6, the Sun-god. 145

D/, Aryan root meaning "bright," 164

Diana, 1, 3, 8; the Tauric. 2, 3, 6; goddess of childbirth, 3, 141; goddess of fertility, 139-42, 163; and Dianus, 161-7

INDEX

"Diana's Mirror," 1, 711

Dianus and Diana, 161-7

Dieri of Central Australia, the, 64, 65, 115, 548, 603

Dinkas, the, 269, 565

Diodorus Siculus, 365

Dione, wife of Zeus at Dodona, 151; the old consort of Zeus, 165

Dionysus, 142, 265, 378; god of the vine, 386; god of trees, 387; the Flowery, 387; god of agriculture and the corn, 387; and the winnowing fan, 388; horned, 390; live animals rent in the rites of, 390, ' 391; as a goat, 390, 464; human sacri- fices in his rites, 392; torn in pieces at Thebes, 392; as a bull, 464, 465; rela- tions to Pans, Satyrs, and Silenuses, 464; - his resurrection perhaps enacted in his rites, 468

Disease, demons of, expelled, 196, 542; transferred to other people and to effigies, 539; sent away in little ships, 563

Divination, 256, 634, 635

Divine animal, killing the, 499; as scape- goat, 570, 576

"Divine Consort, the," 142

Divine Husbandman, in China, 468

Divining rods, 705

Divinities, human, bound by many rules, 262

Divinity of kings, 162; growth of the con- ception of the, 162, 163

Divorce of spiritual from temporal power, 175-8

DobrizhofEer. Father M., 254, 255

Dodona, oracular spring at, 147; Zeus and Dione at, 151; oracular oak at, 159

Dodwell, E.» 397

Dog, black, sacrificed for rain, 73; used to stop rain, 75; prohibition to touch or name, 174; corn-spirit as, 448; of the harvest,

Doe:s crowned. 3

Dollar-bird associated with rain, 72

Donar or Thunar, German thunder-god, 160

Doors opened to facilitate childbirth, 239 ; to facilitate death, 243

Dos Santos, J., 97

Dosuma, king of, 593

Doves, external soul in, 670; Aeneas led to the Golden Bough by, 703

Dragon, rain-god represented as, 74; or serpent of water, 146; at Midsummer, eflBgy of, 655

Dramas, magical, 140, 324; sacred, 374

Dreams, absence of soul in, 181; belief of savages in the reality of, 181; festival of,

Drenching people with water as a rain- charm, 69, 70, 341, 342

"Drink, Black," an emetic, 486

Drinking and eating, taboos on, 198, 199; modes of drinking for tabooed persons, 199, 208. 211, 219

Drought, supposed to be caused by the unburied dead, 72; chiefs and kings punished for, 86; supposed to be caused by a concealed miscarriag*e, 209

Druidical festivals, so-called, 617

Druids, 110, 249. 653, 654. 657, 659; of

Ireland, 621; and the mistletoe, 709, 710 Duchesne, Mgr., 360 Dugong fishing, taboos in connection with»

Dulyn, the tarn of, on Snowdon, 76 Dunkirk, the Follies of, 654 Durian-tree, the, 113 "Dusuns of Borneo, the, 225, 566 "^ Dyaks, of Borneo, 14, 16, 25, 182, 248, 249, ' 413. 496, 518; of Landak. 682; of Pinoeh, •

679; of Sarawak, 498; Sea, 239. 531; of

Tajan, 682

Eagle, the bird of Jovo, 149

Eagle-hunters, 21, 22

Eagle-owl worshipped by the Ainos, 515

Earth, inspired priestess of, 94; marriage of the Sun and, 145; image cf, praying to Zeus for rain, 159; Lithuanian prayers to the, 480; the priest of. 594

Earth demons, 492; goddess, 396, 434-7

Earthworms eaten by dancing girl, 497

East, ascetic idealism of the, 139

East Indian Islands, magic in the, 18, 21; epilepsy transferred to leaves in the, 539; demons of sickness expelled in little ships,

East Indies, pregnant women forbidden to tie knots, 238; reluctance of persons to tell their own names, 246; bringing back the Soul of the Rice, 372; the Rice- mother in the, 413

Easter, resemblance of the festival of, to the rites of Adonis, 345; assimilated to the spring festival of Attis, 359; contro- versy as to the origin of, 361

Easter Eve, ceremonies on, 400, 560; Satur- day new fire on 614; Sunday ceremony observed by gypsies on. 568; Monday, festival on, 126; candle, 614; fires, 614

Eating, out of sacred vessels, 169; together, 202; and drinking, taboos on, 198; eating the god, 479-94, 498; the soul of the rice,

Ebb tide, death at, 35

Eclipse, ceremonies at an, 78

Ecuador, human sacrifices in, 43 1

Edgewell Tree, the, 682

Effigies, 468. 491, 492, 539, 568, 609, 612- 614, 622, 624. 625, 630, 648, 650, 655, 658; of Carnival, 302; of Death, 307, 311; of ,T"das, 615; of Kupalo, Kostroma, and Yarilo, 318; of Osiris, 376, 382; of Shrove Tuesday, 305

Efugaos, the, of the Philippines, 498

Egbas, the, of West Africa, 273

Egeria, water-nymph, 4, 8, 147, 151, 152,

Egerius Baebius or Laevius, 5

Egg-shells, the breaking of, 201

Egypt, the Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice in, 358; in early June, 369; the gods flee into, 391; the com-spiilt in, 443

INDEX

Egypt, ancient, theocratic despotism of, 48; magicians in, 52, 261; confusion of magic and religion in, 53; ceremonies for the regulation of the sun, 78; kings blamed for the failure of the crops in, 87; sacred beast responsible for the course of nature in, 87; human gods in, 96, 265; kings of, 104, 142, 174. 238, 333, 378; queen of. i42; personal names in, 245 ; reapers' lamentations and invocations to Isis in, 338, 371. 424. 443. 444; sacrifice of red- haired men in, 378, 379; human sacrifices in, 443; religious attitude to pigs in, 472; rams, sacred in, 500; bulls as scapegoats in, 571 ; story of the external soul in,

, Lower, Sais in, 373

, Upper, temporary kings in, 286

Egyptian calendar, 368; festivals, 368, 369; religion, 370; types of sacrament, 532-5

Elders, council of, in savage communities,

Elephant hunters, 23, 594

Elephants, ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, 522, 524; lives of persons bound up with those of, 685

Eleusine grain, 483

Eleusinian mysteries, 142. 393-5. 397, 398; priests, 259

Eleusis, rites of Demeter at, 376, 397; Demeter at, 393; Rarian plain at, 394

Elfin race averse to iron, 226

Elipandus of Toledo, 101

Elis, Dionysus hailed as a bull by the women of, 390

Elisha, the prophet, 334

Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, 474

Embalming as a means of prolonging the life of the soul, 265

Emblica officinalis sacred in Northern India,

Emin Pasha, 196

Empedocles, his claim to divinity, 96

Emu-wrens, 689

Encounter Bay tribe, 603

Endymion, 4. 156

England, belief as to death at ebb tide in, 35; anointing the weapon instead of the wound in, 42; May-trees and May-bushes in, 121; village May-poles in, 123; Jack- in-the-Green in, 129; undoing locks and bolts at a death in, 243; Harvest Queen ' in, 405; harvest customs in, 406, 459. ' 460; killing the wren in, 536; the Yule log in, 637; the mistletoe in, 662. 663; birth-trees in, 682; cure for rupture or rickets in, 682

Epilepsy transferred to leaves, 539

Epiphany, 359, 462, 561

Ergamenes, king of Meroe, 266

Erman, Professor, 377

Escouvion or Scouvion, in Belgium. 610

Esne, festal calendar of, 373

Esquimaux, 20. 82, 179, 244, 317, 529; of Alaska, 551, 679; of Baffin Land, 552; of Bering Strait, 193. 220, 221, 227, 526, 606; of Iglulik, 79

Esthonia, Shrove Tuesday customs in. 315; harvest customs in, 456, 460; Christmas Boar in, 462; Midsummer fires in, 628

Esthonians, 81, 225, 228, 307, 481. 530

Ethiopia, kings of, 200, 273

Eubuleus, legendary swine-herd, 469, 470

Eucharist, 488

Eudoxus of Cnidus. 474

Eunuch priests, 349, 352

Europe, dancing or leaping high to make crops grow in, 28; the Hand of Glory in, 30; belief as to death at ebb tide in, 35; treatment of the navel-string and after- birth in, 40; contagious magic in, 44; confusion of magic and religion in, 53, 54; belief in magic in modern, 56; rain- making ceremonies in, 69; the May-pole or May-tree in, 119, 120; Midsummer festival in modern, 153; fear of having one's likeness taken in, 194; belief as to consummation of marriage being impeded by locks and knots, 240; the Corn-mother in Northern, 399-412; comparison between the Lityerses story and harvest customs in, 426-31; "hunting the wren" in, 536; transference of evil in, 543-6; annual expulsion of demons among the heathen of, 559; annual expulsion of witches in Central, 560; expulsion of embodied evils in, 568; the mistletoe in, 661; super- stitions as to menstruous women in, 606; fire-festivals of, 609-41; Midsummer fires in, 622; need-fire in, 638

Evil, transference of, 538-46; to animals, 540-42; to men, 542-3; in Europe, 543-6

Evils, expulsion of, public, 546; occasional, 547; periodic, 551; embodied, 562; occa- sional, in a material vehicle, 563; periodic, in a material vehicle, 568

Ewe-speaking peoples of the Slave Coast, the, 112, 198; taboos observed by their kings, 172

Exogamy, 152

Eyeos, the, 172, 273

Ezekiel, the prophet, 327

Face, of sleeper not to be painted or dis- figured, 183; taboos on showing the, 199; of human scapegoat painted half white, half black, 573

Faces, veiled to avert evil influences, 200; blackened, 213, 462

Faditras among the Malagasy, 541

Fairies, averse to iron, 226

Falling sickness transferred to fowls, 545; mistletoe a remedy for, 662

Fan tribe, the, 85

Fans of the Gaboon. 684; of West Africa, 495

Fans in homoeopaihic magic, 26

Fasting obligatory, 23, 26; of Catholics, 488; of girls at puberty. 600, 601

Father, called after his child, 247; and mother, names not to be mentioned, 250; of a god, 333. 334

Father-in-law, his name not to be mentioned, 249-51

Father May, 126. 127

Fatigue transferred to leaves, 540

Fauns, rustic Italian gods, 464

Fazoql, kings of, 266

Feast of All Souls, 633; of yams, 200

Feet of enemies eaten, 498

INDEX

Felkin, Dr. R. W., 534

Feloupes of Senegambia, 74

Female kinship or mother-kin defined, 152; indifference to paternity of king3 under, 154; at Athens, 155; among the Aryans,

Fern-seed, 704. 705

Fernando Po, taboos observed by the kings of, 172, 238

Fertilisation, artificial, 114, 378, 580, 582; of barren women, 581

Fertility, Diana as a goddess of, 8; of women, magical images designed to ensure the, 14

Fetish kings in West Africa, 177

Feuillet, Madame Octave, 306

Fever, cures for, 343-5

Fig, artificial fertilisation of the, 378; human scapegoat beaten with branches of the wild, 579

Fig-tree, the sacred, 136; artificial fertilisa- tion of the, 580. 582

Fiji Islands, the, conception of the soul in, 179; notion of the absence of the soul in dreams in, 182; catching away souls in, 187; supposed effect of using chief's dishes or clothes in, 202; custom at cutting a chief's hair in, 233; birth-trees in, 682; drama of death and resurrection in, 695

Finland, cattle protected by the woodland spirits in, 141

Finnish- XJgrian peoples, sacred groves of the, HI

Finnish wizards and witches, 81

Finns, 521

Fire, the god of, 23; kept burning for the sake of absent warriors, 26; supposed to be subject to Catholic priests, 53; used to stop rain, 64; as a charm to rekindle the sun, 78; and Water, kings of, 108, 176, 266; kindled by friction, 161, 534, 617, 618, 620, 627, 639, 644. 707; purifi- cation by, 197, 198, 213, 648; "new." 485, 614; sacred, 486, 534; "living." 638; "wild," 638; made by means of a wheel, 639; of heaven, 644; extinguished by mistletoe, 659, 662, 706; primitive ideas as to the origin of, 707. See also Bonfires, Fires, Nfeed-fire.

Fire-festivals of Europe, the, 609; inter- pretation of, 641; solar theory of, 642, 643; purificatory theory of, 642, 647; at the solstices, 643; a protection against witchcraft, 648; their relation to Druidism,

Fires, perpetual, 3, 161, 163, 665, 704; the Lenten, 609; Easter, 614; Beltane, 617; Midsummer, 622; Hallowe'en, 632. 635; Midwinter, 636; extinguished before light- ing the need-fire, 639; burning of effigies in the, 650; burning of men and women in the, 652\ the solstitial, perhaps sun- charms, 706

First-fruits, 170, 177, 396, 431. 467. 479, 482,

Fish, magical image to procure, 18;- sacred, 473 ; treated with respect by fishing tribes, 527; external soul in a golden,

Fishers tabooed, 216

Fishing, homoeopathic magic in, 18

Flamen Dialis, the, 151, 235, 244; rules of

life prescribed for, 174 Flaminica, the, 151; rules observed by, 174 Flanders, Midsummer fires in, 630, 646; the Yule log in, 637

Flax, homoeopathic magic at sowing, 28; prayers of old Prussians for the growth of, 288 ; giddiness transferred to, 545 ; leaping over bonfires to make it grow tall, 613. 624, 626

Flax-mother. 399

Flight of the king, at Rome, 157

Flowers, goddess of, 588

Flute, magical, made from human leg-bone, 30; skill of Marsyas on the, 354

Folk-customs, the external soul in, 678-701

Folk-tales, the external soul in, 667-78

Food, homoeopathic magic for supply orf, 17; eaten dry, 21, 29, 68; tabooed, 21, 22, 238; taboos on leaving food over, 200 "

Fools, Bishop of, 586

Footprints, contagious magic of, 44, 45

Foreskins used in rain-making, 65

Fowler, W. Warde, 709

Foxes, burnt in Midsummer fires, 656, 657; witches turn into, 657

Framin in West Africa, dance of women at,

France, contagious magic in, 44; peasants ascribe magical powers to priests, 53, 54; images of saints dipped in water as a rain- charm in, 77; kings of, touch for scrofula, 90; custom of the Harvest-May in, 118; May customs in, 121; the May-pole in, 124; harvest customs in, 341, 448-50, 453, 455, 457-9; the Corn-mother in, 401; the dough man in, 480; hunting the wren in, 537; the King of the Bean in, 586; ex- pulsion of witches in, 561; Lenten fires in, 610; Midsummer fires in, 628-30, 645; the Yule log in, 637; wicker-work giants burnt in, 655; mistletoe in, 662; birth- trees in, 682

Franche-Comt6, dances in, to make hemp grow, 28; the goat at threshing in, 456

Frey, the Scandinavian god of fertility, 143

Fricktal, Switzerland, the Whitsuntide Lout in. 128; the Whitsuntide Basket in, 129

Friction, fire kindled by. See under Fire

Friesland, East, the clucking hen at threshing in, 451

Frigg, the Norse goddess, and Balder, 607

Frog in magic, 31:, 73, 131; maladies trans- ferred to frogs, 544

Frog-flayer, the, in WhJtsuntide pageant, 130

Frosinone in Latium, burning an effigy o£ the Carnival at, 302

Fruit-trees, fertilised by fruitful women, 28; homoeopathic magic in relation to, 29; threatened to make them bear fruit, 113; worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure, 380; wrapt in straw as a precaution against evil spirits, 561; fires lit under, 632; fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 641; fertilised by burning torches, 647

Fuegian charm to make the wind drop, 80

INDEX

Fumigation, with laurel, 95; of flocks, 478;

with juniper and rue, 560; of fruit-trees

and nets, 641; of crops, 645 Funeral customs, 185, 190, 227, 542; rites,

367, 375

Gaboon, theory of the external soul in the,

Gabriel, the archangel, 13, 241

Galela, dread of menstruous women in, 604

Galelareese of Halmahera, 19, 29-31

Galicia, harvest customs in, 451

Gallas, 98, 118; kings of the, 10

Galli, the emasculated priests of Attis, 348

Gamesa, the image of, 482

Gardens of Adonis, 341-7

Garos of Assam, 72, 568

Gascon peasants, their belief in the magical power of priests, 54

Gatschet, A. S., 255

Gaul, ancient, human sacrifices in, 653; the mistletoe in, 659

Gauri, harvest goddess, 420

Gayos of Sumatra, 141

Gazelle Peninsula, 251; the Ingniet society in the, 680

Geomancy in China, 36

Germany, contagious magic in, 39, 42, 45; worship of women in ancient, 97; tree- worship in, 110; Harvest-May in, 118; use of May trees in, 1 19; Midsummer trees in, 122; races at Whitsuntide in, 124; worship of the oak in, 160; belief as to the escape of the soul in, 182; super- stition as to cut hair in, 234; the Corn- mother in, 399; the Old Woman in, 400; names given to the last sheaf in, 401 ; harvest customs, 402, 408, 427, 449, 451, 453, 454, 458-60; the Corn-spirit in, 448; the harvest cock in, 451, 479; pigs* bones in connection with sowing in, 461; Lenten fires in, 612; Easter fires in, 614; Mid- summer fires in, 623; the Yule log in, 637; need-fire in, 641; mistletoe in, 662, 702; oak-wood for cottage fires at Midsummer in, 665; stories of the external soul in, 672; birth-trees in, 682

Gerontocracy in Australia, 83

Getae, human god among the, 97

Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, 571

Ghosts, 84, 185, 190, 207, 216. 226, 253, 491, 551; of the slain, 212-15, 227; of animals, dread of, 223. 520-24, 526

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, 668, 673; mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, 695

Giants, wicker-work, 654, 655

Giddiness, cure for, 545

Gilyaks of the Amoor, 510-14, 517, 530

Gingiro, king of, 270

Gippsland blacks, 248

Girl, annually sacrificed to cedar tree, 112; sacrificed to a crocodile, 145; sacrificed for the crops, 432; and boy, need-fire kindled by, 640

Girls, married to nets, 144; used in rain- making, 210; seclusion of, at puberty, 595-607

Glory, the Hand of, 30

Gnabaia, an Australian spirit, 693

Goajiros of Colombia, 252

Goat, blood of, sucked by priest as means of inspiration, 94; sacrificed, 356, 391, 436; in relation to Dionysus, 390, 464 ; corn- spirit as, 454; last sheaf in form of a. 454; killed on harvest-field, 455; effigy of a, 456; sacred animal of a Bushman tribe, 474; relation of, to Athena, 477; evils transferred to, 540; as scapegoat, 565

God, savage ideas of. 92; the killing and resurrection of a, 301, 538; the Dying and Reviving. 386; killed in animal form, 391 ; the animal enemy of, originally identical with the god, 391, 469. 475; eating the, 479-94, 498; dying, as scape- goat, 539, 576; killing of the, in Mexico, 587-92. See also Gods

God-man, a source of danger, 202

Goddesses, of fertility served by eunuch priests, 349; personated by women, 589

Gods, appeal to the pity of, as a rain-charm, 75; incarnate human, 91-106, 162; con- ception of, slowly evolved, 9 1 ; and god- desses, dramatic weddings of, 140; the marriage of the, 142-5; created by men in their own likeness, 260; their names tabooed, 260-62; mortality of the, 264-5; death and resurrection of, 385-6, 388; dis- tinguished from spirits, 411

Gold Coast, negroes of the, 118; expulsion of demons on the, 550, 554, 555

Golden Bough, 3, 593, 701-11

Fleece, ram with, 290

Goldi, bear-festivals of the, 514

Goliath, straw man stabbed at Whitsuntide,

Gonds of India, the, 433, 571

Good Friday, ceremony in Greek churches on, 345; expulsion of witches on, 560

Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, 685

Gossips of St. John, 344

Gouri, Indian goddess of fertility, 343

Gout, remedy for, 196; transferred to trees,

Gran Chaco, Indians of, 182, 601

Granada, youthful rulers secluded in, 595

Grandmother, namp given to last sheaf, 401

Grannas-mias, torches, 611

Grannus, a Celtic deity, 611

Grass king, the. 130, 299

Grass knotted as a charm, 242

Grasshoppers, in homoeopathic magic, 37; sacrifice of, 541

Grave, soul fetched from, 185; of Zeus, 265; of Dionysus, 265, 389; of Osiris, 365, 378; dance at initiation in a, 693

Grave-clothes, homoeopathic magic of, in China, 35; no buttons in, 243

Graves, rain-charms at, 67, 71; trees planted on, 115

Greasing the weapon instead of wound, 41

Great Mother, last sheaf called, 401

Grebo people of Sierra Leone, 174

INDEX

Greece, priestly kings in, 9; ceremony per- formed by persons supposed to have been dead, 15; homoeopathic magic in, 16, 34; sacrifice of pregnant victims to ensure feriiility in, 28; contagious magic in, 44; ra n-making in, 69, 77; sanctity of kings and chiefs in Homeric, 89; forests of, 110; tree worship in. 111; custom as to founda- tions of new buildings in, 191; custom as to man-slayers in, 216; names of the priests of the Eleusinian mysteries not to be mentioned in, 259; the eight years' cycle in, 279; human sacrifices in, 290; mode of ridding the fields of mice in, 530; scape- goats in, 541, 578; Midsummer fires in, 631; stories of the external soul in, 670

Greek belief that the sun rode in a chariot, 79; calendar, 279; charms, 31, 32; Church, ceremonies on Good Friday in the, 345; divinities who died and rose again, 386; maxim not to look at one's reflection in water, 192; maxim not to wear rings, 243; mythology, Adonis in, 325, 327; ritual of expiatory sacrifices, 473; sanctuaries, iron not to be brought into, 224; superstitions as to certain woolen garments and stones,

Green Corn Dance, 486

George. 126. 128

Wolf, Brotherhood of the. 628. 664

Greenland, woman in child-bed thought to control the wind in, 80; belief in the mor- tality of the gods in, 264

Grey, Sir George, 689

Grimm, Jacob, 709

Grove, Arician, 5, 163, 301; Balder's, 608; soul of the chief in a sacred, 681

Groves, sacred, 110, 111; to Diana, 140

Guanches of Teneriffe, 75

Guarani Indians, 29, 601

Guatemala, the Indians of, 687

Guayaquil, Indians of, 431

Guaycurus, the, 82

Guayquiries of th^ Orinoco, 605

Guiana, Indians of, 181, 601

Guinea, priestly kings in, 169; belief of negroes in dreams, 182; human sacrifices in, 433; annual sacrifice of oxen at Great Bassam, 467; expulsion of the devil in. 554; seclusion of girls at puberty in. 597

Gunputty, elephant-headed god, 100

Gypsies, Green George among the, 1 26 ; annual ceremony performed by the, 568

Hag {wrack), name given to the last corn cut in Wales. 403, 404

Haida Indians. 27, 35

Hair, used in magic, 13, 233-5; charms, 28, 29.32; tabooed, 231; disposal of cut, 233; external soul in, 670; strength bound up with, 680; of criminals, wizards, and witches shorn, 681

Hair-cutting, ceremonies at. 233

Halfdan the Black. Norwegian king, 379

Hallowe'en, 609; fires, 632-6; divinations at. 634; witches, fairies, and hobgoblins let loose at. 634; and Beltane, the two chief fire festivals of the British Celts, 656

Halmahera. driving away devils in, 548

Hand of Glory, 30

Hands, tabooed, 204-6, 208. 210, 212, 214. 233; not to be clasped, 240; of enemies eaten. 498

Hannibal, his retirement from Italy. 348

Hanover, harvest customs in, 400, 401, 454; Easter bonfires in, 615

Hare, corn-spirit as. 452

Hares not eaten lest they make the eaters timid, 495; witches changed into, 657

Haroekoe, East Indian island, fisherman's magic in, 18

Harpocrates, the younger Horus, 364

Harran, mourning for Tammuz in, 338; legend of Tammuz in, 442 human sacri- fices in, 444

Harvest, rain-charm at, 341; custom of the Arabs of Moab at, 372, 378; expulsion of devils after, 557, 575

Harvest child, 406; cock, 451; customs, 400-10; goat, 454; hen, 451; May, 118. 124; mother, 401

Harz Mountains, 42; Carnival in the, 307

Hawaii, capture of souls by sorcerers in, 188; festival of Macahity in. 282, 283

Hawk, Isis in the form of a, 364

Hawks revered by the Ainos. 516

Hawthorn at doors on May Day. 121

Hays of Errol, 702

Head, prohibition to touch the, 207. 230, 231 regarded as sacred, 230; tabooed, 230-31 supposed to be the residence of spirits, 230; of horse in Roman sacrifice, 478. See also Heads

Head-hunters, 433

Headache, caused by clipped hair, 234, 237; transferred to animal, 540

Heads, of lac gatherers not to be cleansed, 21; of man-slayers shaved, 215; of dead kings removed and kept, 295. See also Head

Heart, of Dionysus, 388, 389; of jackal not eaten lest it make the eater timid, 495; of lion or leopard eaten, 495; of water- ouzel eaten to acquire wisdom and elo- quence, 496; of wolf and of bear eaten to acquire courage, 496

Hearts, of men and animals offered to the sun, 79, 589; of dead kings eaten by their successors, 295 ; of men sacrificed, 43 1 ; of men eaten to acquire their qualities, 497

Heaven, between, and earth, 592-607; fire of, 644; Queen of, 711

Hebrew prophets, their ethical religion, 51

Heitsi-eibib, Hottentot god or hero, 264

Helen of the Tree, 356

Heliogabalus, sun-god at Emesa, 330

Helle and Phrixus, children of King Athamas.

Hemp, promoting the growth of, 28, 624

Hen, sacrificed by woodman after felling tree, 112; heart of, not eaten, 495

Hera, adoption of Hercules by, 14; and Zeui, their marriage, 143

Hercules. 14. 425. 443

Hercynian forest, 109

Herdsmen dread witches and wolves, 649

Hermotimus of Clazomenae, 185

Hermutrude, legendary queen of Scotland,

INDEX

Hialto, how he became brave. 496

Hidatsa Indiana, 111, 690

Highlands of Scotland, the, magic to catch fish in, 18; St. Bride's Day in, 134; iron as a charm against fairies in, 226; saying about combing hair at night in, 234; knots untied at marriage in, 241; beating the cow's hide in, 538; Beltane fires in, 6 1 7-20; Hallowe'en fires in, 635 ; need- fire in, 641; story of the external soul in,

Hilaria, festival of joy, 350

Hindoo charm, 30; marriage. 34; trinity, 52; superstition, 1 14

Hindoo Koosh, sacred cedar of the, 95 ; expulsion of demons in the, 557, 575

Hindoos, 15, 101, 180, 343, 602, 669; of Southern India, 482

Hippasus, torn to pieces by Bacchanals, 292

Hippodamia and Pelops, 156

Hippolytus, 4, 5, 301, 477

Hippopotamus, ceremony after killing a, 523

Hogmanay, Highland custom on, 538; song in the Isle of Man, 634

Holiness, and pollution not differentiated by savages, 222; conceived as a danger- ous virus, 474; as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated,

Holland, "killing the Hare" in, 452; Easter fires in, 617; the mistletoe in, 662

Honduras, Indians of, 687

Honey-wine, continence at brewing, 219

Hooks used in magic, 27; to catch souls, 180,

Horns, blown to ban witches, 561; to expel demons, 568

Horse, prohibition to sec a, 172; prohibition to ride, 174; last sheaf given to, 408, 460; corn-spirit as a, 459; "fatigue of the," 460; "Cross of the," 460; Virbius and the. 476; sacrificed to Mars, 478. 578; red, sacrificed as a purification of the land,

Horse-headed Demeter, 471

Horses, Hippolytus killed by, 5, 301; ex- cluded from Arician grove, 5, 477; sacri- ficed to the sun, 79; driven through the need-fire, 639, 640

Horus, his eye injured by Typhon, 475; the younger, son of Isis and the dead Osiris, 364, 367

Hos, of North-eastern India, 556; of Togo- land, 232, 239, 241, 555

Hother, the blind god, and Balder, 608

Hottentots, 45, 80, 221, 265

House, taboos observed after building a new, 117; ceremony on entering a new, 186; taboos on quitting the, 200

House-building, 30; continence observed at,

Housebreakers, charms employed by, 30

Howitt, A. W.. 44. 234

Hudson Bay Territory, 605

Huichol Indians of Mexico, 23, 32

Huitzilopochtli, or VitzilipuztH, a great Mexican god, 488

Human sacrifices. See under Sacrifices

Hungary, Whitsuntide Queen in, 131; con- tinence at sowing in, 138; harvest cock in, 451; custom at threshing in, 458; women fertilised by being struck with certain sticks in, 581; Midsummer fires in, 627,

Hunters, employ homoeopathic magic to ensure a catch, 18; taboos observed by and for, 19, 20, 23; employ contagious magic of footprints, 45 ; tabooed , 216; chastity of, 217; propitiation of wild animals by, 518-32; luck of, spoiled by menstruous women, 605-6

Hurons, 144. 179, 527, 550

Husband , taboos observed in his absence, 21-25; his name not to be pronounced, 248, 249; and wife, name given to two fire-sticks, 484

Huzuls of the Carpathians, 20, 234, 541, 638

Hyaenas, supposed power over men's shadows, 190

Hymn to Demeter, Homeric, 393

Hymns to Demetrius Poliorcetes, 97; to Tammuz, 326

Hyrrockin. a giantess, 608

Ibadan, king of, 295

Ibans of Sarawak, 531

Ibn Batutah, 145

Ibos of the lower Niger, 685

Iddah, divinity claimed by king of, 99

Ignorrotes, the, 115

Ijebu tribe, 281

Ilocanes of Luzon, the, 113

Images, magical, 13, 14; dipped in water as a rain-charm, 77; of Osiris made of vegetable mould, 374-7; vicarious use of, 492; of gods, suggested origin of, 501 ; demons conjured into, 563, 568; colossal, filled with human victims and burnt, 654

Imagination, death from, 204

Immortality, Egyptian hope of, centred in Osiris, 367, 376, 382; hope of, associated with the Eleusinian mysteries, 398

Impregnation of women by the sun, 603

Inca, fast of the future, 595

Incarnation, of gods in human form, 91 ; examples of temporary. 93; of divine spirit in Shilluk kings, 267, 268

Incas of Peru, 40, 104, 236, 553

Incense, inhaled to produce inspiration, 95; used in exorcism, 195; burnt at the rites of Adonis, 337; burnt in honour of the Queen of Heaven. 337; burnt as a pro- tection against witches, 561

Incest. 141, 332

India, ascendency of sorcerers over gods in modern, 52; rain-charm in, 71; incarnate human gods in, 93. 100; ceremony of rebirth in, 197; story of the transference of human souls in, 184; images of Siva and PS,rvati married in, 319-20; human sacrifices in. 433; use of animals as scape- goats in. 565; girls secluded at puberty in, 602; torture of suspected witches in, 681

, ancient, ceremony performed by per- sons supposed to have been dead in, 15; magical nature of ritual in, 53; magical power of kings in, 89; maxim not to look at one's refiection in water in, 192

INDEX

India, Central Provinces of, rain-charms in» 73; sacred trees in, 119; peacock wor- shipped among the Bhils of, 474; expulsion of disease in, 565

, North-eastern, harvest home festival in,

, Northern, the Emblica officinalis sacred

in, 119; coco-nuts sacred in, 119; eyes of owl eaten in, 497

, South-eastern, precautions against

demon of smallpox in, 549

, Southern, inspired priest in, 94;

husband's name tabooed in, 249; kings formerly killed after a twelve years' reign in, 274; ceremonies at eating the new rice in, 482; expulsion of demon in, 563

Indian ceremonies analogous to the rites of Adonis, 336; legend parallel to Balder myth, 701

Archipelago, the, head-hunting in, 441;

expulsion of diseases in, 566; birth-custom in. 679

Indonesian ideas of the rice soul, 414; treat- ment of the growing rice as a breeding woman, 414

Indra, great Indian god, 67, 701

Industrial progress essential to intellectual progress, 48; evolution from uniformity to diversity of function, 106

Infanticide, 293

Infants, exposed to attacks of demons, 226, 245; tabooed, 231

Infidelity of wife thought to injure absent husband, 23, 25

Ingiald, son of King Aunund, 496

Ingniet or Ingiet, a secret society, 680

Initiation, rites of, 692, 693

Innovations, the savage distrust of, 225

Ino and Melicertes, 290, 291

Inquisition, the, 101, 102

Insects, homoeopathic magic of, 31; charms to protect the fields a^^ainst, 530, 531

Inspiration, 93; two modes of producing temporary, 94; prophetic, 334; savage theory of, 356

Intellectual progress dependent on economic progress, 48

Invulnerability, conferred by decoction of a parasitic orchid, 660; of Balder, 667; attained through blood brotherhood with animal, 684

Invulnerable warlock or giant, stories of the,

Ireland, woman burnt as a witch in, 56 ; magical powers of kings in, 89; belief as to green boughs on May Day in, 1 19; May Day in, 121; May Queen in, 131; taboos observed by kings in ancient, 173; cut hair preserved against the day of judgment in, 236; old kings of, might not have any blemish. 273; harvest customs in. 404; hunting the wren in, 537; Beltane fires in, 621; Hallowe'en in, 634; Mid- summer fires in, 646; story of the external soul in, 673

Iron, tabooed, 221, 224; used as a charm against spirits, 225, 481 ; mistletoe gathered without the use of, 660

Iron-Beard, Dr., a Whitsuntide mummer, 297, 300, 307

Iroquois, the, 112, 553

Ishtar, great Babylonian goddess, 325, 330

Isis, how she discovered the name of Ra,

260; sister and wife of Osiris, 363, 382;

her many names, 382; a corn-goddess, 382;

her discovery of wheat and barley, 382;

identified with Demeter, 383; popularity

of her worship in the Roman Empire, 383;

resemblance to the Virgin Mary, 383; dirge

of, 424 Islay, the island of, 403 Isle de France, the May-tree and Father May

in, 126; harvest customs in, 427, 430;

Midsummer giant burnt in, 655 Isle of Man, the, 81; St. Bridget in, 135;

hunting the wren in, 536; Midsummer

fires in, 630, 645; old New Year's Day in,

633; Hogmanay song in, 634; Hallowe'en

in, 636 Israelites, 210, 472 Issapoo, negroes of, 501 Italones, the, 498 Italy, disposal of loose hair by women in.

236; "killing the Hare" at harvest in, 453;

resemblance between the Carnival of

modern and the Saturnalia of ancient, 586;

Midsummer fires in, 631; the mistletoe

in, 659; birth-trees in, 682 , ancient, spinning on highroads for- bidden to women, 20; forests of, 110;

tree-worship in. 111; oaks sacred to Jupiter

in. 160 Itonamas of South America, 180 Ivy, eaten by Bacchanals, 95; prohibition

to touch or name, 174; sacred to Attis,

352; sacred to Osiris, 381; associated with

Dionysus, 387

Ja-Luo tribes of Kavirondo, 215

Jablonski, P. E., 384

Jabme-Aimo, abode of the dead, 529

Jack-in-the-Green, 129, 299

Jackal's heart not eaten lest it make the eater timid, 495

Jagas, a tribe of Angola, 293

Jambi in Sumatra, temporary kings in, 287

Jana, another form of Diana, 164-5

Janus, 164. 165, 167; as a god of doors, 166; explanation of the two-headed, 166

Japan, black dog sacrificed for rain in the mountains of, 73; rain-making by means of a stone in, 76; ceremony to make trees bear fruit in, 114; the Mikado of, 168; bear festival of the Aino in, 505; the mis- tletoe in, 660

Jar, the evils of a whole year shut up in a, 567

Jars, wind kept by priests in, 170

Jaundice, 15, 16

Java, 30; rain-charms in, 66, 68, 72; sexual intercourse to promote the growth of rice in, 136; custom when child is first set on the ground, 181; remedy for gout or rheumatism in, 196; superstitions as to the head in, 230; ceremony at rice-harvest in, 418; earthworms eaten by dancing girls in, 496

Jawbones, magical use of, 18, 78; of slain animals propitiated by hunters, 526

Jaws of corpse tied up to prevent the escape of the soul, 180

INDEX

Jay, blue, as scapegoat, 545 Jeoud, sacrificed by his father, 293 Jerome on the worship of Adonis, 346

of Prague, 118

Jerusalem, the Temple at, 225; mourning for

Tammuz at, 326; religious music at, 334 Jewish hunters, 228 Jewitt, John R., 698 Jews, attitude of, to the pig, 472 ; their

ablutions, 473; use of scapegoats, 569,

Jinn, 145, 540

Jinnee of the sea, virgins married to a, 146 Judah, idolatrous kings of, 79 Judas, effigies of, burnt, 615, 616 Jukos, the, of Nigeria, 270 Julian, the Emperor, 109, 336. 346 Juniper berries, houses fumigated with, 560 Juno, 150, 151, 164, 165; Moneta, 150 Jupiter, Roman kings in the character of,

148, 152; as god of the oak, the rain,

and the thunder, 160; and Juno, doubles

of Janus (Dianus) and Diana, 164; and

Dionysus, 388 Capitoline, 148, 150; Elicius. 149;

Latian, ISO; Liber, temple of, 225 Jutland, superstitions about a parasitic rowan

in, 702 Juturna, a water nymph, 165

Kabyle story of the external soul, 674

Kachins of Burma, 219

Kadiak, island off Alaska, 208

Kai. tribe in New Guinea, 498, 581, 694

Kakian association in Ceram, 696

Kalamba, a Congo chief, 198

Kali, Indian goddess, 94

Kalmucks, the. 534; story of the external

soul among the, 675 Kamilaroi, the, 498 Kamtchatkans, the, 78, 520, 529 Kangaroo, eaten to make eater swift-footed,

Kansas Indians, 496

Kapus or Reddis in Madras Presidency, 73 Kara- Kirghiz, the, 120 Karens of Burma, 183, 185, 230, 415 Karma-tree, ceremony over a, 342 Karo-Bataks of Sumatra, 40, 185, 233 Karok Indians of California, 528 Karpathos, island of, 545 _„.- Katajalina, an Australian spirit, 693 Kavirondo, tribes of, purification of man- slayers among the, 215 Kayans of Borneo, 82, 117,211, 221,414,496 Kei Islands, the, magical telepathy in, 24,

26; treatment of the navel-string in, 40;

expulsion of demons in, 548; birth custom

in, 679 Kekchi Indians of Guatemala, 138 Keramin tribe of New South Wales, 76 Keremet, a god of the Wotyaks, 144 Kettles used to mimic thunder, 77 Key of the field, 430 Keys, bunch of, as a charm, 226 Khalij, old canal at Cairo, 370 Khan, ceremony at visiting a Tartar* 198;

the Great, 228 Khoh-ma, Tibetan goddess, 492 Khonds, the, 256, 434, 557

Khor-Adar Dinka, the, 270

Kibanga, king of, 270

Kickapoo Indians, 214

Kid, surname of Dionysus, 390

Kidneys tabooed to Malagasy soldiers, 22

Killer, of the Elephant, official who throttles sick kings, 271; of the Rye-woman, 428

Killing the spirit of the wind, 82; the divine king, 264-83; the tree-spirit, 296-323; the divine animal, 499-518; a god, 533, 538, 587-92

Kimbunda, the, of West Africa, 498

King, the killing of the divine, 264-83; his life sympathetically bound up with the prosperity of the country, 267, 268, 592; sacrifice of his son, 289-93; responsible for weather and crops, 292. See also Kings

King and Queen, at Athens, 9; at Whitsun- tide, 132, 299; of May, 132, 299, 320

King, the Grass, 130, 299; the Leaf, 130; the Roman, as Jupiter, 148

King of the Bean, 586; of the Calf. 458; of Fire, 108. 176, 266; of Rain. 70; of Rain and Storm. 1 07 ; of Sacred Rites at Rome, 9. 106, 152, 157; of Water, 108, 176, 266; of the Wood at Nemi, 1. 3. 8, 106. 140, 147. 163, 164, 167, 269, 296, 300. 301, 586, 593, 703, 710; of the Years at Lhassa, 573, 574

King Hop in Siam, 284, 285

King's evil, 90, 204

Race at Whitsuntide. 129

Kings, priestly. 9, 169, 203; Teutonic, 9; magicians as, 83-9 1 ; touch for scrofula, 90; divinity of, 91 ; as gods in India, 1 00 ; temples built in honour of, 1 04 ; sacrifices to, 1 04; of nature, 1 06-9 ; of rain, 108; of fire and water, 108; Roman, 147-9, 151, 152; supernatural powers at- tributed to, 149, 168; paternity of, 154; their lives regulated by strict rules. 168, 1 94 ; taboos observed by, 171; beaten before coronation, 176; portraits of, not on coins, 193; guarded against the magic of strangers. 198; not to be seen eating and drinking, 198; forbidden to leave their palaces, 200; tabooed, 202; foods tabooed to, 238; names of, tabooed, 257-9; killed when strength fails, 265; attacks on, per- mitted. 267, 275; worshipped after death. 268; killed at the end of a fixed term, 274; dying by deputy, 278; temporary, 283-9; torn in pieces, traditions of, 37?; trace of the custom of slaying them an- nually, 440

Kingship, evolution of, the sacred, 105; descent of the, in the female line, 152, 1 54, 1 55 ; burdens and restrictions at- taching to the early, 168, 175; tenure of the, 279-81

Kingsley, Miss, on soul-traps, 188

Kinship of men with crocodiles, 5 Id

Kiowa Indians, 253

Kirghiz, the. 156, 249. 602

Kirn, last corn cut, 406, 407

Kiwai, nati\^es of. 379

Klamath Indians of Oregon, 255

Knife as charm against spirits, 226 not to be left edge upwards, 227 j

INDEX

Knives, not used at meals after a funeral, 227; of special pattern used in reaping rice, 414'

Knots, tying up the wind in, 81; prciiibition to wear, 174; untied at childbirth, 238. 240; thought to prevent the consumma- tion of marriage, 240; thought to cause sickness and disease, 241; used to cure disease, win a lover, or stop a runaway, 242; magical virtue of, 242-3; tied in branches of trees as remedies, 545

Koniags of Alaska, 600

Koran, on magical knots, 241

Kore, Maiden, title of Persephone, 420

Kore, expelled on Easter Eve in Albania,

Koryaks, the, 156. 521. 523

Koschei the Deathless, story of, 671

Kostroma, funeral of, in Russia, 318

Kostrubonko, death and resurrection of,

Koui hunters in Laos, 529

Krishna, Hindoo god, 101

Kublai Khan, 228

Kuhn, Adalbert, 644

Kukulu, priestly king, 169

Kumis of South-eastern India, 549

Kunama, the, 107

Kupalo, mythical being, 317-18, 627, 652

Kurmis of India, 565

Kurnai of Victoria, 190, 689

Kuruvikkarans of Southern India, 94

Kwakiutl Indians, 66. 527, 678

Labyrinth, the Cretan, 280

Lac, taboos observed in gathering, 21

Lada, mythical being in Russia. 318

Ladder, for the use of a tree-spirit, 116; to facilitate the descent of the sun, 136

Lafitau, J. F., 256

Lagos, in West Africa, 295, 433

Lagrange, Father, 338

Lake-dwellers of Europe, 399

Lakor, island of, 566

Laluba, the, of the Upper Nile, 85

Lama of Tibet, the Grand, 102-3

Lamb, blood of, tasted by priestess to pro- cure inspiration, 94; as expiatory victim, 224; thrown into lake as an offering, 390; killed sacramentally, 534

Laments for Tammuz, 326; for Osiris, 366

Lamps, dedication of, 3; to light ghosts to their old homes, 374

Landen, the battlefield of, 340

Language, special, 99; change of, caused by taboo, 254, 255, 257

Lanquineros, the, 138

Laos, in Siam, taboos observed at, 21, 23, 219, 594

Lapis manalis used in rain-making ceremony at Rome, 78

Lappland, tying up the wind in, 81

Lapps, the, 221. 238, 243, 256, 521, 529, 606

Latin League, the, 150, 167

Latinus, King, 149

Latium, ancient, the woods of, 1 50 ; suc- cession to the kingdom in. 152-8

Latukas of the Upper Nile, 85, 87, 229

Laurel. 95, 148

Laws of Manu, 89, lOO

Le Mole, on the Lake of Nemi. 4

Leaf Man, the Little, 128; King, 130

Leaping, to make crops grow high, 28; over bonfires, 560. 610, 613, 621. 624-6, 630, 631, 646. 656

Learchus, son of King Athamas, 290, 291

Leaves, disease transferred to, 539; fatigue transferred to, 540; us^ to expel demons,

Lechrain, 646; burying the Carnival in, 307

Legs not to be crossed, 239, 240

Leinster, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, 173

Lemon, external souls of ogres in a, 669

Lendu tribe of Central Africa, 85

Lengua Indians, the, 82, 88, 253, 294, 526

Lent, personification of, 304

Lenten fires, 609

Leo the Great, 359

Leopard's blood drunk or heart eaten to make eater brave, 495

Leopards, 523; external human souls in, 684-6

Lepers sacrificed by the Mexicans, 444

Leprosy, 473

Lerida in Catalonia, funeral of the Carnival at, 304

Lerotse leaves used in purification, 484

Leti, island of.' marriage of the Sun and Earth in. 136; annual expulsion of dis- eases in, 566

Leto, 120

Letts of Russia, swing to make the fiax grow high, 289

Leucadians, 579

Leucippe, daughter of Minyas, 292

Lewis, the island of, 81

Lhota Naga, the. 433

Libyans, the Alitemnian, 156

Licence, periods of, 158, 553, 555, 558, 575,

Lightning, magical imitation of, 63; imita- tion of, by kings, 77. 149; talismans against. 614. 615, 626, 637, 638, 649; regarded as a god descending out of heaven, 708; strikes oak oftener than any other tree, 708, 709; places struck by, enclosed and deemed sacred, 709

Lime-trees, sacred, 161

Linus or Ailinus, Phoenician vintage song, 425, 442

Lion, purification of killer of a, 221; flesh or heart eaten to make eater brave, 495

Lithuania, tree-worship in, 110; sacred groves in, 118; May Day in, 126; last sheaf in, 405; harvest customs in, 406, 428; ceremonies observed at eating the new corn in, 480, 481; Midsummer fires in, 627

Lithuanians, 161, 227. 665

Lityerses, 424-47

Lizard, soul in form of, 182; or snake, in ceremony for riddance of evils, 568

Ljeschie, Russian wood-spirits. 465

Llama, black, as scapegoat, 565

Loango, king of, 86, 98, 199-201; taboos observed by kings of, 171; food tabooed to priests in, 238; girls secluded at puberty in, 595

INDEX

Locks unlocked at childbirth, 238, 239; thought to prevent consummation of mar- riage, 240; unlocked to facilitate death, 243 ; mistletoe as a master-key to open all, 663

Locusts, chiefs held responsible for ravages of, 87; superstitious precautions against,

Logan, W.. 276

Loki and Balder, 608

Lokoiya, the, of the Upper Nile, 85

Lolos of Western China, the, 183

Lombok, island of, 418

Longevity, charms to ensure, 35

"Longevity garments" in China, 36

Loom not to be touched by a man, 211

"Lord of the Heavenly Hosts" in Siam, 284

Lorraine, harvest customs in, 428, 449, 457

Love charms, 44

"Love Chase" among the Kirghiz, 156

Loyalty Islands, recall of a lost soul in the,

Lules or Tonocotes of the Gran Chaco, 550

Lusatia, "carrying out Death" in, 310-13

Luxor, paintings at, 142

Lycurgus, king of the Thracian Edonians, 378, 379, 392

Lydia, religious prostitution in, 331; festival of Dionysus in, 390

Ma, goddess at Comana in Pontus, 331 Mabuaig, continence observed during turtle- season, 217; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 598 Macahity, a Hawaiian festival, 282, 283 M'Carthy, Sir Charles, eaten by the Ashan-

tees to make them brave, 497 Macdonald, Rev. James, 18, 680 Macedonian calendar, 443 MacGregor, Sir William, 84 Macpherson, Major S. C, 437 Macusis of British Guiana, 181, 601 Madagascar, king of, as high priest, 9 ; foods tabooed in, 22; custom of women while men are at war in, 26 ; magical use of stones in, 33; modes of counter- acting evil omens, 37; fear of being photo- graphed in, 193 J taboo on mentioning personal names in, 246; names of chiefs and kings tabooed, 258; crocodiles re- spected in, 519. See also Malagasy Madanassana Bushmen, 474 Madi tribe of Central Africa, 534 Madonna and Isis, their resemblance, 383 Madura, inspired mediums in, 95 Magic, principles of, 11; sympathetic, 10- 48, 200, 202, 211. 219. 233. 237, 386, 403. 533; homoeopathic or imitative, 11-37, 63, 221, 239, 240, 341, 444, 494-9, 581, 642, 704; contagious, 11, 37-45, 230, 233, 235; positive and negative, 19, 21, 29; public and private, 45 -6 1 ; and religion , 48-60, 64, 90, 92, 162, 324; and science, 48, 49, 712; attraction of, 49; the Age of, 55, 56; universality of belief in, 55, 56; fallacy of, 59, 90; movement of thought from magic through religion to science, 711 Magician, public, 45, 60; and priest, 52

Magicians, claim to compel the gods, 52; professional, 61; as kings, 83-91; develop into gods and kings, 92; the oldest pro- fessional class in the evolution of society, 105; Egyptian, 52, 261

Magnets thought to keep brothers at unity,

Magondi, a Mashona chief, 98

Magyar story of the external soul, 674

Maharajas as incarnations of Krishna, 101

Mahrattas, 100

Mai Darat, a Sakai tribe, 493

Maiden, the (Persephone), the descent of, 371; name given to the last corn cut in the Highlands of Scotland, 403, 409

Maidhdeanhuain, "the shorn maiden," 407

Maidu Indians of California, 707, 708

Maize, goddess of, 28; magic to promote its growth, 28, and increase, 33; personi- fied as an Old Woman who Never Dies, 419; goddess of the young, 588

Maize-mother, the, 412, 413

Makololo, the, of South Africa, 236

Makrizi, Arab historian, 64

Malabar, custom of Thalavettiparothiam in, 278; cows as scapegoats in, 570; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 602

Malagasy, 217, 519; faditras among the, 541

Malay charms and magic, 13, 19, 28, 80; taboos, 21

Malays, the, 88, 113, 179, 181. 183. 184, 188, 230, 248. 413, 417, 541, 676, 683

Maldive Islands, virgin sacrificed as bride to a jinnee of the sea in the, 146

Mallans of India, 565

Malta, Midsummer fires in. 631; Phoenician temples of, 330; fires on St. John's Eve in, 631

Mamurius Veturius, 577, 580

Man, Isle of. See Isle of Man

Man-god, 10. 60, 92, 203. 265

Mandan Indians, 419, 562

Mandelings of Sumatra, the, 116, 239

Maneros, chant of Egyptian reapers, 365, 371, 372, 424

Mangaia, Pacific island, separation of relig- ious and civil authority in, 177

Mangaians, the, 191

Mani of Chitombe or Jumba, 234

Manii at Aricia. many, 491

Manipur, Rajah of, and his human scape- goat, 543

Manius Egerius, 6, 492

Mannhardt, W., 118, 127, 129, 316, 399, 401, 402, 419, 459, 460, 465, 580, 642, 643, 654, 658

Man-slayers tabooed, 212-16

Manu, the Laws of, 89

Maori chiefs, 204, 230, 231. 235, 259

Maoris, 114, 197, 205, 210. 233, 234, 528,

Maraves. the, of South Africa, 116 Marcellus of Bordeaux, 16, 17, 544 Mare, corn-spirit as, 459 Marena (Winter or Death) on Midsummer

Eve in Russia, 318 Marigolds in magic, 44 Marimos, Bechuana tribe, 433 Marquesans, 180, 231-3

INDEX

Marquesas or Washington Islands, human gods in the, 96

Marriage, of men and women to trees, 8; treading on a stone at, 33; the pole-star at, 34; of the Sun and Earth, 136, 145; the Sacred, 139-46; of the Gods, 142-5; consummation of, prevented by knots, 240; mock or real, of human victims,

Marriott, Fitzgerald, 26

Mars, 577, 578; temple of, 77; the planet, 444; Field of, 478

Mars Silvanus, 578

Marsaba, a devil, 696

Marseilles, human scapegoats at, 578; Midsummer king of the double axe at,

Marsh marigold, hoop wreathed with, 121

Marsyas, his musical contest with Apollo, 354; perhaps a double of Attis, 354

Martens, magic to snare, 18

Masai of East Africa, 219, 232, 238

Mashona of South Africa, 98

Masks worn by devil-dancers, 542; at expulsion of demons, 548, 553; by mem- bers of a secret Wolf society, 699

Maspero, Sir Gaston, 53

"Mass of the Holy Spirit," 53

Mass of Saint S^caire, 54

Massagetae sacrifice horses to the sun, 79

Masset, in Queen Charlotte Islands, dances of Haida women at, 27

Matabele, the, 72, 645

Matacos or Mataguayos, the, 601

Matiamvo, a potentate in Angola, 271

Matuana, Zulu chief, 498

May, King of, 129, 130, 299; King and Queen of, 157. 320; Queen of. 129, 131

May Bride, 135, 317, 320; Bridegroom, 133; Lady, in Cambridge, 127; Rose, the Little,

Day, celebration of, 119-35. 316, 621;

"Burning out of the Witches" on, 560; bonfires on, 617-22

May-bushes, 119, 129, 130, 132; -garlands, 121; -poles, 119, 120. 122-4, 132, 479; -trees, 119-21, 123. 124. 297. 299. 311, 314. 614, 651

Mbaya Indians, the, 293

M'Bengas of the Gaboon, 681

Mecca, pilgrims to, 238

Mecklenburg, magic in, 44; locks unlocked at childbirth in, 239; harvest customs in, 430, 449, 454; treatment of the after- birth in, 682

Medea and Aeson, 496

Medicine bag, at initiation, 698

men. 64, 85, 87, 88, 92, 105, 180, 183-7,

484, 520, 679, 693

Melanesia, homoeopathic magic of stones in, 33 ; contagious magic of wounds in, 41; confusion of magic and religion in, 52; supernatural power of chiefs in, 84; continence while yam vines are being trained in, 138; malignant spirits in, 192; disposal of cut hair and nails in, 235 ; names of relations by marriage tabooed in, 251; conception of the external soul in. 684

Melanesians, 52, 246

Melicertes, son of King Athamas, 290, 291 Melos, milk-stones in, 34 Memphis, head of Osiris at, 366 Men, evil transferred to, 542; disguised as demons, 562, 563; as scapegoats, 565; divine, as scapegoats, 571, 576; disguised as women, 610 Menedemus, sacrifices to, 224 Menelik, Emperor of Abyssinia, 66 Menstruation, women tabooed at, 207; seclusion of girls at. 595; reasons for secluding women at. 606

Meriahs. human victims sacrificed among the Khonds, 434, 437

Merlin, the wizard, 76

Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, 266

Mesopotamia, artificial fertilisation q< tiie date-palm in, 582

Messiah, pretended, in America, 102

Metsik, a forest-spirit, 315

Mexican kings, their oath, 87, 104; sacra- ments, 488; temples, 589

Mexicans, the ancient, 79, 380, 432

Mexico, ancient, festival in honour of the goddess of maize, 28; treatment of the navel-string in, 40; human sacrifices in, 380, 431, 432; killing the god in, 587-92

Micah, the prophet, 51

Mice, in magic. 39; eaten by the Jews as a religious rite, 472; superstitious pre- cautions of farmers against, 530, 531

Midsummer, death of the spirit of vegeta- tion celebrated at, 319; bonfire at, called "fire of heaven," 644; procession of giants at, 654; sacred to Balder, 664

Midsummer bonfires, 122, 622. See also Midsummer fires

Bride and Bridegroom, 133

Day, ancient Roman festival of, 153.

See also St. John's Day

Eve, in Sweden, 122; in Russia, 318;

trolls and evil spirits abroad on, 625; oak thought to bloom on, 706. See also St. John's Eve

festival, in Europe, 153, 622; named

after St. John, 343; the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, 656

■ ■ fires, 622-32; animals burnt in, 655

Midwinter fires. 636

Mikado of Japan. 168, 169, 176, 202, 593,

Miklucho-Maclay. Baron. 197

Milk, women's, promoted by milk-stones, 34; of cows, thought to be promoted by green boughs, 119; customs observed when the king of Bunyoro drinks. 199; of pig thought to cause leprosy, 472, 473; omens from boiling, 482; taboos referring to. 488; not to be drunk by menstruous women. 604; stolen by witches from cows, 620, 627, 628, 648

Milk-stones, magical, 34

Milkmen of the Todas sacred or divine, 100; taboos of, 175

Millet, homoeopathic magic of, 29; the deity of, 481

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, 180, 183, 415.

INDEX

Minahassa, inspired priests in, 95; ceremony at house-warming in, 186, 679; names of parents-in-law tabooed in, 250; sowing and plucking the new rice in, 482; dum- mies to deceive demons in, 492; hair of slain foe used to impart courage in, 498; expulsion of devils in, 548

Minnetaree Indians, 419, 529

Minos, king of Cnossus, 280

Minotaur, the legend of the, 280

Minyas, king of Orchomenus, 291

Miracles, god-man expected to work, 93

Mrris of Assam, 496

Mirrors, superstitions as to, 192

Mirzapur, rearing of silkworms in, 218

Miscarriage in childbed, dread of, 209

Misrule, Lord of, 585, 586

Missouri, the cottonwood trees in the valley of. 111

Mistletoe, 160, 658, 659, 701; Balder and the, 608, 658-67, 701, 702, 710; and the Golden Bough, 703-4

Mistress, sanctuary of the, at Lycosura, 243; "of Turquoise," 330

Mithra, Persian deity, 358

Mithraic religion, 467

Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull, 366, 476

Moab, Arabs of, 32, 378; king of, 293; wilderness of, 334

Mock sun, 79; execution, 283; kings, 284; marriage of human victims, 581

Moffat, Dr. R., 86

Mogk, Professor Eugen, 642

Mohammed bewitched by a Jew, 241

Mohammedan calendar, lunar, 632

Mohammedans, celebration of Midsummer festival by, 632

Moloch, sacrifice of children to, 281

Molonga, a demon of Queensland, 562

Moluccas, the, clove-trees in blossom treated like pregnant women in, 1 15 ; fear of offending forest spirits in, 117; abduction of souls in, 186

Mombasa, king of, 99

Mon, island of, 456

Monarchy, in ancient Greece and Rome, 9; rise of, essential to emergence of mankind from savagery, 47

Mondird, the great, 466

Money, magical stones to bring, 33

Mongolia, incarnate human gods in, 103 ; story of the external soul in, 676

Mongols, 103, 252, 529

Monkey sacrificed for riddance of evils, 569

Montanus the Phrygian, 101

Montezuma, king of Mexico, 104, 593

Moon, the, and Endymion, 4; ceremony at an eclipse of, 78; charm to hasten, 80; Diana conceived as, 141; ceremony at new, 1 75 ; human victims sacrificed to, 444; pigs sacrificed to, 472; the "dark," 557; temple of, 571; reflected in Diana's Mirror, 711

Mooraba Gosseyn, a Brahman, 100

Moors of Morocco, 540

Moquis of Arizona, 225, 504

Moravia, "carrying out Death" in, 3 1 0, 313; harvest customs in, 408 ; fires to burn witches in, 622

Mori clan of the Bhils, 474

Morning Star, the, 346; human sacrifice enjoined by, 432

Morocco, iron a protection against demons in, 226; annual temporary king in, 286; homoeopathic magic in, 496; boars used to divert evil spirits in, 540; Midsummer fires in, 631, 632, 646

Moru tribe of Central Africa, 534

Mosyni or Mosynoeci, the, 200

Mota, in the New Hebrides, conception of the external soul in, 684

Mother, of a god, 333; of the gods, 5, 348, 356; the Great (Cybele), 353; of the Maize, 413; of the Rice, 415; or Grand- mother of Ghosts, 491-3

Mother-corn, 405; -sheaf, 401

■ Goddess of Western Asia, 330, 331

-kin, 152, 248, 332

-in-law, savage's dread of his, 190

Motu of New Guinea, 246

Motumotu, the, 81, 192, 246

Mourners, tabooed, 205; change their names,

Mouse, soul in form of, 182

Moxos Indians of Bolivia, 23

Mozcas, the, 104

Mukasa, god of the Victoria Nyanza lake,

Mukylcin, the Earth-wife among the Wotyaks, 144

Mullein, used as a charm, 629 «H^ummers, 126. 127; the Whitsuntide, 296-301; at Hallowe'en in Isle of Man.

Mundaris of Assam, 118, 557

Mundas of Bengal, 342

Munster, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, 173

Mura-muras, appealed to for rain, 65

Murderers, taboos imposed on, 216

Murrain, need-fire kindled as a remedy for,

Music, as a means of prophetic inspiration, 334; and religion, 334-5

Muysca Indians of Colombia, 104

Muzimbas or Zimbas, the, 97

Myrrh, the mother of Adonis, 337

Mysteries, Eleusinian. See Eleusinian mys- teries

"Naaman, wounds of the," 336

Nagual, external soul, 687

Nails, used in magic, 44 ; knocked into

trees, 127; used as charms against fairies,

Nails, parings of, used in magic, 13, 233;

swallowed by attendants, 229;

of, 233-7 Namaquas, 495 Names tabooed: personal, 244-8;

tions, 249-51; of the dead, 251-6;

and other sacred persons, 257-9; of gods,

260-62 Namuc' and Indra, legend of, 702 Nana, mother of Attis, 347 Nandi of East Africa, 214, 235, 247, 372, 483 Nanumea, island of, precautions against

strangers in, 195

of rela- of kings

7Z6

INDEX

Narcissus and his reflection, 192

Narrinyeri of South Australia, 201

Natal, the Caffres of, 483

Natchez Indians of North America, 63, 215

Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice,

Nature, conception of the immutable laws of, not primitive, 91-2; the order and uniformity of, 162

Nauras Indians of New Granada, 497

Navajoes of New Mexico, 678

Navel-string, 39-41, 119

Ndembo, secret society on the Lower Congo,

Nebseni, the papyrus of, 380

"Neck, crying the," in Devonshire, 445

Need-fire, 617, 638-41

Nekht, the papyrus of, 380

Nemi, 1, 4, 5, 8; priest of Diana at, 1, 8, 106, 161. 167; lake of, 1, 704; sacred grove of, 1, 4, 8, 140-42, 147; at evening,

Nephele, wife of King Atharaas, 290

Nephthys, sister of Osiris, 363

Net to catch the sun, 79

Nets, marriage of girls to, 144; to catch souls. 182; as amulets, 242; fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 641

New birth, through blood in the rites of Attis, 351; savage theory of, 356; of novices at initiation, 697

New Britain, rain-making in, 63; the Sulka of, 64, 76; magical powers ascribed to chiefs in, 84; avoidance of wife's mother in, 191; expulsion of devils in, 547-8 ; secret society in, 680

New Caledonia, rain-making by means of a human skeleton in, 71; making sun- shine and drought in, 78; detaining the soul in the body in, 1 80; ideas as to reflections in, 192; burying the evil spirit in, 548; taro plants beaten to make them grow in, 581

New Guinea, charm to hasten the moon in, 80; charm for making wind in, 80; con- stitution of society in, 84; leavings of food destroyed in, 201; seclusion and purification of man-slayers in, 213; con- tinence observed during the turtle season in, 217; dread of sorcery in, 229

, British, charms used by hunters in.

18; charm against snake-bite in, 31; no despots in, 84; double chieftainship in the Mekeo district of, 178; a wi'lower an outcast in, 207; changes in language caused by fear of naming the dead in, 255; girls secluded at puberty in, 597

, Dutch, 213; names of relations by

marriage tabooed in, 250

, Northern, rites of initiation in, 694,

, South-eastern, annual expulsion of

demons in, 556

New Hebrides, contagious magic in the, 43; magic of refuse of food in the, 201; con- ception of the external soul in the, 684

New Ireland, 596

New Mexico, the aridity of, 76; the Indians of. 302. 551

New South Wales, natives of, bury their dead at flood-tide, 35; tribes of, 38; way of stopping rain in, 64; the drama of resurrection at initiation in, 692, 693

New Year. Chinese, 468 ; the Celtic, on November first, 633

New Year's Day, 558, 569; Eve, 538, 561

New Zealand, sanctity of chiefs in, 204; sacredness of chiefs' blood and heads in, 230. 231; customs at hair-cutting in, 233; magic use of spittle in, 237; names of chiefs tabooed in, 259; effect of contact with a sacred object in, 474; eyes of slain chief swallowed by warriors in, 498; human scapegoats in, 542

Ngarigo tribe of New South Wales, 498

Ngoio, a province of Congo, rule of succes- sion to the chief ship in, 283

Nias, island of, magic in, 18; natives of, believe in demons of trees, 116; concep- tion of the soul in. 179; detaining the soul in the body in, 180; taboos observed by hunters in, 218; superstition as to personal names in, 245; succession to the chieftainship in, 294; expulsion of demons in, 549; story of the external soul in,

Nicaragua, the Indians of, 138

Nicholson, General, worshipped as a god,

Nicknames, 247

Nicobar Islands, heavy rains attributed to the wrath of spirits in the, 225; custom of mourners in the, 253; changes in language caused by fear of naming the dead, 255; expulsion of demons in the.

Niger, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, 686

Nigeria, Northern, custom of putting kings to death in, 271

, Southern, the priest of the Earth in.

594; theory of the external soul in, 677. 684, 685

Nightingale in magic, 32

Nightjars, the lives of women in, 687

Nile, the rise and fall of the, 369; thought to be swollen by the tears of Isis. 370; the "bride" of the, 370; money and offerings of gold thrown into the, 371

. the Upper, medicine-men as chiefs

among the tribes of, 85; Kings of the Rain on, 107

. the White, 266, 565

Nine, a number used in magical ceremonies, etc., 18, 241, 242. 284, 480, 618, 620, 625, 626. 628, 639

Niska Indians of British Columbia. 699

Nisus. king of Megara, story of, 670

Noessa Laut, magic in. 18

Nonnus, on death of Dionysus, 388

Noon, fear to lose the shadow at, J 91

Nootka Indians. 66, 179, 217, 522, 599. 698; wizard, 18

Normandy, burial of Shrove Tuesday in, 305; harvest' customs in, 429; Brother- hood of the Green Wolf in, 628-9; pro- cessions or the eve of Twelfth Day in, 647

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, 625

Norse stories of the external soul, 673

INDEX

73?

North-American Indians, 210, 228. 494.

496, 524, 529, 533, 594, 605, 678, 698 Norway, 133; harvest customs in, 428,

429. 453, 454; Midsummer fires in, 625;

superstitions about a parasitic rowan in,

Nubas of Jebel-Nuba, 203 Nufoors of Dutch New Guinea, 246, 250 Numa, 4, 147, 149. 151, 158, 164 Nut, Egyptian sky-goddess, mother of

Osiris, 362, 363 Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, 629 Nyakang, first of the Shilluk kings. 267 Nyanza, Lake, incarnate human god of, 98 Nyassa, Lake, 596

Oak, the worship of the. 159-61. 659, 710; effigy of Death buried under an, 309; the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, 665; human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, 665, 666; life of, in mistletoe, 701; supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, 706; struck by lightning oftener than any other tree,

Oak branch, in rain-charm, 77 ; crown, sacred to Jupiter and Juno, 148, 151; god, 151, 161; leaves, 148, 661; mistle- toe, an "all-healer," 660-62; nymphs, at Rome, 147; -spirit, 701. 703; -trees, sacrifipes to, 161, and ague transferred tarS46

wood, perpetual fire of, 161, 704 ;

used for the Yule log, 637, 638, 666; used to kindle the Beltane fires, the need- fire, and the Midsummer fires, 618, 620, 639, 665

Oaths, on stones, 33; taken by Mexican kings, 87, 104

Oats Bride, 408; -cow. 457, 458; -goat, 447. 454, 457; -mother. 400; -sow, 460; -stallion, 459; -wolf, 448, 449

O'Brien, Murrogh, 229

Octennial cycle based on an attempt to harmonise lunar and solar time, 279-80

October horse, sacrifice of the, 478

Odin, sacrifice of king's sons to, 278-9, 290; legend of the deposition of, 279; human sacrifices to, 354

O'Donovan, E., 242

Offspring, charms to procure, 14, 15

Ogres in stories of the external soul, 669, 670

Oil. in magic, 23, 25, 26. 76; of St. John, 661, 662, 706; human victim anointed with, 435

Ointment, magical. 41

Ojebway Indians. 13, 45, 78. 113. 211. 245

Olala. secret society of Niska Indians, 699

Old Calabar. 119, 493; expulsion of devils and ghosts in, 567

Old Man, Arab custom of burying the. 378; the last sheaf called the. 402. 426. 427.

men, savage communities ruled by, 47

Rye woman, 428, 465

Wife, name given to last com cut, 403

Witch, burning the, 429

, Woman, of the Corn, 372; last ears of com called, 400; last sheaf called, 402; killing the, 428; burning the, 614

Old Woman who Never Dies, North Amer- ican Indian personification of maize, 419

Oldenberg, Professor, 67

Oldfield. A.. 251

Oleae, the, at Orchomenus, 291, 292

Olive wood, sacred images carved of, 7

Olofaet, a fire-god, in Namoluk, 707

Oloh Ngadju of Borneo, the, 492

Olympia, races for the kingdom at, 156

Omaha Indians. 63, 216, 473, 474

Omens, magic to annul evil, 37; from ob- servation of the sky, 279; from boiling milk, 482; from the smoke and fiames of bonfires, 612, 615, 616, 621, 624, 645; from cakes rolled down hill, 620; of marriage, 626, 646

Omonga, a rice-spirit, 416

On or Aun, king of Sweden, 278, 290

Ongtong Java Islands, ceremony at recep- tion of strangers in the, 196

Onitsha, on the Niger, king of, 200; cere- mony at eating the new yams at, 483; human scapegoats at, 569

Oracles, given by the king as representative of the god, 94; by inspired priests. 94

Oracular spring at Dodona, 147

Oraons of Bengal, 144, 342, 434

Orchomenus in Boeotia, human sacrifices at, 291

Ordeal of battle, 158; by poison, 294

Orestes at Nemi, 2, 6, 216

Oriental religions in the West, 356-62

Orinoco, Indians of the, 27, 28, 71, 73. 78,

Orion, the constellation, 355

Orissa, Queen Victoria worshipped as a deity in, 100

Orkney Islands, transference of sickness by means of water in the. 544

Orotchis. bear-festivals of the, 514

Orpheus, the legend of his death, 379

Osiris. 52, 325. 443; the myth of, 362-8; the ritual of, 368-77; the nature of. 377- 382; and the sun, 384; the cults of Adonis, Attis, Dionysus, and, 424; key to mys- teries of, 444; and the pig. 472, 475; in relation to sacred bulls, 476

Osiris, Adonis, Attis, their mythical simi- larity. 325

"Osiris of the mysteries," 376

Osiris-Sep, title of Osiris, 375

Ostiaks, the, 521

Ostrich, ghost of, deceived, 526

Ot Danoms of Borneo. 195, 597

Ottawa Indians, 214, 522, 527

Ounce, ceremony at killing an, 523

"Our Mother among the Water," Mexican goddess, 588

Ovambo of South-west Africa, 224

Owl, eyes of, eaten to make eater see in the dark, 496; life of a person bound up with that of an, 684; sex totem of women,

Ox, in magic, 22, 31, 72; corn-spirit as, 457, 466-8; slaughtered at threshing, 459; sacrificed at the Bouphonia, 466; effigy of, broken as a spring ceremony in China,

Oyo* king of, among the Yorubas, 274

INDEX

Pacific, oracular inspiration of priests in the

Southern, 94 Paddy (unhusked rice) , the Father and

Mother of the. 419 Padlock as amulet, 242 Paganism and Christianity, resemblances

explained as diabolical counterfeits, 358,

Palatinate, mimic contest between Summer

and Winter in the, 316 , the Upper, trees asked for pardon on

being felled in, 113 Palatine Hill at Rome. 1 1 1 Palenque in Central America, ruins of, 10 Palm-branches, in ceremony to procure rain,

74; ashes of, mixed with seed at sowing,

615; stuck in fields to protect them against

hail, 617

Sunday, 74, 125, 705

tree, thought to ensure fertility. 119

Pan's image whipped with squills, 580 Panes, festival of, 499 Pango, title signifying god, 98 Pans, rustic Greek deities, 464 Panther, ceremony at the killing of a, 221 Panua, tribe of Khonds, 434 Paphos in Cyprus, 329; sanctuary of Aphro- dite at, 330; religious prostitution at, 331 Papuans, the, 43, 496, 682; of Finsch Haven,

Papyrus of Nebseni, 380; of Nekht. 380 Parents-in-law, their names not to be pro- nounced, 249-50 Parilia, the, Roman festival of shepherds,

154, 360 Parkinson, John, 281

Parrot, external soul of warlock in a., 669 Parrots' eggs, a signal of death, 273 Parthian monarchs brothers of the Sun, 104 Pa,rvati and Siva, marriage of the images

of, 320 Paschal candle, 614

Mountains, Easter fires on the, 615

Passier, in Sumatra, king of, 277

Pastoral tribes, animal sacraments among,

Patagonia, 236 ; remedy for smallpox in,

JSO Patani Bay, the Malays of, 183 Paternity of kings a matter of indifference

under female kinship, 154 Paton, W. R., 580 Pawnees, the, 225, 432 Payaguas of South America, 82 Pea-mother, 399, 400; -wolf, 448 Peacock, a totem of the Bhils, 474 Pear-tree as protector of cattle, 119; as life- index of a girl, 682 Pearls, in homoeopathic magic, 37 Peas-cow, 458; -pug, 448 Pebbles thrown into Midsummer fires, 628 Pelew Islands, 116; seclusion of man-slayers

in, 215; taboos observed by relations of

murdered man in the, 227 Pelops and Hippodamia, 156 Penance observed after building a new

house, 117; for killing a boa-constrictor,

Pennefatker River in Queensland, the

natives of the, 39 Pennyroyal, burnt in Midsummer fire, 631

Pentheus, king of Thebes, 378, 392

Pepper as a cure or exorcism, 196; dropped into eyes of strangers, 198

Perche, in France, homoeopathic cure for vomiting in, 16

Perils of the soul, 178-94

Perkunas or Perkuns, the Lithuanian god of thunder and lightning, 161

Persephone, 327, 393-6, 398, 414, 420-24,

Persia, horses sacrificed to the Sun in, 79; temporary kings in, 289; king of, 593

Personification of abstract ideas not primi- tive, 315

Peru, Indians of, 30, 33, 144, 236, 527; theocratic despotism of ancient, 48

Perun, the thunder-god of the Slavs, 161

Peruvian Andes, 79

Peruvians, the ancient, 412

Pessinus, priestly kings at, 9; local legend of Attis at, 347; image of the Mother of the Gods at, 348; high-priest of Cybele at, 353; high-priest perhaps slain in the character of Attis at, 440

Phaedra and Hippolytus, 4, 7

Phalaris and his brazen bull, 281

Phaya PhoUathep, "Lord of the Heavenly Hosts," temporary king in Siam, 284

Pheneus, lake of, 110

Philae, the sculptures at, 376, 381

Philippine Islands, the, belief that souls of ancestors are in certain trees in, 115 ; grave of the Creator in, 264; human sacrifices in, 355, 433; head-hunting in,

Philo of Byblus, 293

Philosophy, as a solvent of religion, 162; primitive, 263

Philostratus, on death at low tide, 35

Phoenicia, song of Linus in, 425

Phoenician temples, 330, 331; kings in Cyprus, 332; vintage song, 425, 442

Phrixus and Helle, children of King Athamas,

Phrygia, 347, 354; Lityerses in, 425, 426

Phrygian cosmogony, 347; cap of Attis,

Picardy, harvest customs in, 451 ; Lenten fire-customs in, 612

Picts, female descent of kingship among the, 156

Piers, Sir Henry, 120

Pig, sacrificed for rain or sunshine, 73 ; blood of a, drunk as a means of inspira- tion, 95; and lamb as expiatory victims, 224; corn-spirit as a, 460-62; in relation to Demeter, 469, and Attis, 471; attitude of Jews to the, 472; in ancient Egypt, 472; used to decoy demons, 54^, 556-7. See also Pigs

Pigeon, family of Wild, in Samoa, 474

Pigs, magical ceremonies to catch wild, 18; magical stones to breed, 33; sacrificed at the marriage of Sun and Earth, 136; at the Thesmophoria, 469, 476; sacri- ficed to the moon and to Osiris, 472; reasons for not eating the flesh of, 494; driven through Midsummer fire, 627, and through the need-fire, 640; offered to monster who swallows novices in initia- tion, 694, 696

INDEX

Pillar, fever transferred to a, 545 Pine-cones, symbols of fertility, 353; thrown

into vaults of Demeter, 353 . ' -tree, in the myth and ritual of Attis,

347, 348, 350, 352; in the rites of Osiris,

380; sacred to Dionysus, 387 Pipiles of Central America, 136 Pirua, granary of maize, 412 Pitteri Pennu, Khond god of increase. 557 Placenta (afterbirth) and navel-string, con- tagious magic of, 39-41 Plague, transferred to camel, 540; sent away

in scapegoat, 565 Plane-tree, Dionysus in, 387 Planets, human victims sacrificed to, 444 Plantain-tree, afterbirth buried under a, 40;

fertilised by parents of twins, 137 Plants, magic to make them grow, 28;

influence persons homoeopathically, 29;

sexes of, 114; thought to be animated

by spirits, 487; external soul in, 681 Plataea, festival of the Daedala at, 143;

the Archon of, 224 Plough, in relation to Dionysus, 387; piece

of Yule log inserted in the, 645 Ploughing, by women as a rain-charm, 70;

ceremony of, performed by temporary

king, 284, 288; Prussian custom at, 342;

in rites of Osiris, 375 Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, 690 Pluto, carries oflE Persephone. 393, 469-70 Plutus, begotten in thrice-ploughed field,

Poison, continence observed at brewing,

Poison ordeal, 294 Poland, objection to iron ploughshares in,

225; harvest customs in, 404, 406, 451;

Christmas custom in, 450; need-fire in.

Pole-star, homoeopathic magic of the. 34 Pollution and holiness not differentiated by

savages, 223 Polynesia, taboos in, 205, 206, 259; sacred-

ness of the head in, 231; infanticide in,

Polynesian chiefs sacred, 205 Polynesians, oracular inspiration of priests

among the, 94; their way of ridding

themselves of sacred contagion, 473

Polytheism evolved out of animism, 117

\

Pomegranate causes virgin to conceive, 34?

Pomegranates sprung from the blood of Dionysus, 389; seeds of, not eaten at the Thesmophoria, 389

Pomerania, harvest custom in, 430

Pometia sacked by the Romans, 6

Pommerol, Dr., 611

Pomos of California, 562

Pompey the Great, 328

Ponape, one of the Caroline Islands, treat- ment of the navel-string in, 40; king of,

Pongol, Hindoo family festival, 482

Pons Sublicius at Rome, 225

Poona. rain-making at, 70; incarnation of elephant-headed god at, 100

Poor Man, name applied to the corn-spirit after harvest, 465

Old Woman, last sheaf left for, 465

Poor Woman, name applied to the oom- spirit after harvest, 465

Poplar wood used to kindle need-fire, 639

Porta Capena at Rome, 4, 351

Portraits, souls in, 193

Portugal, belief as to death at ebb tide in,

Poseidon, 97, 471

Potato Woman, the Old, 405; -mother, 413; -wolf, 448. 449; -dog, 449

Potatoes, magical stones for increase of, 33; custom at eating new, 481

Prayers, to the sun, 14. 26, 78; for rain, 71 77, 86, 118, 159-61; to Dionysus, 387; to dead animals, 507, 522-4

Precious stones, magic of, 34

Pregnancy, 238, 239

Pretenders to divinity among Christians,

Priest, of Diana. 1, 8, 710; of Nemi, 8, 161, 163, 167; and magician, their antagon- ism, 52; drenched with water as a rain- charm, 70; rolled on fi.elds as a fertility charm, 139; of Zeus, 159; brings back lost souls in a bag, 186; of Dionysus, 291; sows and plucks thefirst rice, 482; of Aricia, 592; of the Earth, 594

Priestesses, 94, 594

Priestly kings, 9

Priests, magical powers attributed to, 53, 54; inspired by gods, 94; influence wielded by, 196; their hair unshorn, 232; foods tabooed to, 238; of Attis, the emasculated, 347; sacrifice human victims, 589, 591

Princesses married to foreigners or men of low birth, 154

Processions, for rain in Sicily, 74; with bears from house to house, 512; with sacred animals. 535; to the Midsummer bonfires, 628, 630; of giants (effigies) at popular festivals, 654

Progress, the magician's, 45-8

Prophets, Hebrew, their ethical religion, 51

Propitiation, essential to religion, 50; of the souls of the slain, 212; of the spirits of slain animals, 217, 220; of the spirits of plants, 487; of wild animals by hunters, 518-32; of vermin by farmers, 530

Prostitution, sacred, before marriage, 330; suggested origin of, 331

Provence, priests thought to possess the power of averting storms in, 53; May- trees in, 124; mock execution of Cara- mantran on Ash Wednesday in, 304; Midsummer fires in, 630; the Yule log in, 637

Prussia, contagious magic in, 44; custom at spring ploughing in, 342; harvest cus- toms in, 421, 426; the Corn-goat in, 454; the Bull at reaping in, 459; Midsummer fires in. 627

, East, harvest customs in, 401, 453,

454, 457

, West, harvest customs in, 402, 457;

pretence of birth of child on harvest- field in, 406, 421

Prussian rulers formerly burnt, 274

Prussians, the old, 288; their funeral feasts, 227; supreme ruler of, 274

INDEX

Psoloeis, the, at Orchomenus, 291. 292

PsylU, a Snake clan, 83, 502

Ptarmigans and ducks, dramatic contest of the, among the Esquimaux, 317

Puberty, girls secluded at, 595; initiatory rites at, 692

Punchkin and the parrot, story of, 669, 687, 690

Punjaub, the, General Nicholson worshipped in his lifetime in, 1 00; human sacrifice in, 112; belief as to tattooing in, 180; Snake tribe in, 535, 536; human scape- goat in, 566

Puppets, of rushes thrown into the Tiber, 493; used to attract demons of sickn.^ss from living patients, 564

Puppies, red-haired, sacrificed by the Romans to the Dog-star, 444

Purification, of man-slayers, 212, 215; of hunters and fishers, 216; after contact with a pig, 472; by washing. 473; before partaking of new fruits, 484, 488; by emetics, 485, 488; by standing on sacri- ficed human victim, 572; by beating,

Purificatory ceremonies, at reception of strangers, 195; on return from a journey,

theory of the fixes of the fire-festivals,

642, 647; more probable than the solar theory, 650

Puyallup Indians, 256

Pygmalion, king of Cyprus, 332

Pythagoras, maxims of, 44, 45

Python clan, in Senegambia, 502

Quartz used in circumcision, 224

Quartz-crystal used in rain-making, 76

Queen, name given to last com cut at har- vest, 407; the Harvest, in England. 405; of Athens, married to Dionysus, 142; of the Corn-ears, 405; of Egypt, the wife of Ammon, 142; of Heaven, 337, 711; of May, 127, 129, 131, 320

Queensland, beliefs as to the afterbirth in, 39; namesakes of the dead change their names in some of the tribes of, 253; expulsion of a demon in Central, 562; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 598

Quetzalcoatl, Mexican god, 491

Quilacare, suicide of the kings of, 274-5

Quinoa-mother, the, 413

Quiteve, title of king of Sofala, 273

Quito, the kings of, 431

Quonde, in Nigeria, king-killing at, 271

Ra, the Egyptian sun-god, 362. 364. 366, 475; and Isis, 260

Race, to determine the Whitsuntide king, 129; succession to a kingdom determined by a, 156; for a bride. 156; of reapers to last sheaf, 459

Races, at Whitsuntide, 124, 129; on horse- back to the Maypole, 132; at fire-festi- vals, 611

Radica, a festival at the end of the Carnival in Frosinone, 302

Rain, the magical control of. 62-78, 234, 629, 645; prayers for, 71, 77, 86, 118, 159-61; kings expected to give, 85-7, 9&-9; supposed to fall only as a result

of magic, 87; Zeus as the god of, 159; prevented by the blood of a woman wh* has miscarried, 209

Rain-bird, 72; -charms, 71. 131. 210, 234, 300, 341, 400, 437, 438; doctor, among the Toradjas of Celebes, 68; -gods, '73-55 king, 70, 107; -makers, 62, 84-6. 107, 269, 270; song, sung by women, 118; -stones, 76, 85; temple, in Angoniland,

Rajah, temporary, after death of rajah. 28T

Rajahs, among the Malays, supernatural powers attributed to. 88; two. in Timor,

Rajputana, gardens of Adonis in, 343

Rait, the fair of, in India, 319

Ram, with golden fieece, 290; as vicarious sacrifice for human victim, 291; sacri- ficed to Ammon, 477; Tibe\;au goddess riding on a, 492; killing the ^sacred, 500; consecration of a white, 534

Ram's skull in charm to averx demons, 492

Rama, his battle with the king of Ceylon,

Ramanga, among the Betsilej, 229

Raratonga, in the Pacific, »y

Rarhi Brahmans of Bengal, 602

Raskolnik, Russian Disseuijtii'. 71

Raspberries, wild, ceremonj;' at gCitheriwi cliO first, 486

Rat's hair as a charm, 31

Rats, in magic, 39; sut-erstitf.ouu precau- tions of farmera against, 531

Rattle, wooden, swur,.g by tv/ins ia make fair or foul weather, GO

Rattlesnakes respected by Nortli-American Indians, 520

Raven's eggs in homoeopathic m-igic, 32

Reapers, contests be tween, 40 1 , 403 , 404 , 407, 426, 439; throw sickles at the last standing com, 401, 403, 404. 407. 446, 452; blindfolded, 404, 407; of rice de- ceiving the rice-spirit, 414; pretend to mow down visitors to the harvest-field, 430 ; remedies for pains in the back,

■, Egyptian, their lamentations, 338,

371, 382, 443, 444

Reaping-match of Lityerses, 426

Rebirth from a golden cow, 197; of an- cestors in their descendants, 256

Recall of the soul, 180

Red colour in magic, 15; wool, 242

Red-haired men sacrificed by ancient Egyp- tians, 378, 380. 443, 476; puppies sacri- ficed by the Romans, 444. 476

Reddening the face of a god. 148

Reddis or Kapus in Madras Presidency. 75

Reflection, th© soul identified with the,

Reflections in water, supposed dangers of,

Regalia, sanctity of, in Celebes, 295

Regeneration from a golden cow, 197

Regicide among the Slavs, 278; modified custom of, 283

Regifugiutn at Rome, 157, 301

Reincarnation of animals, 526-7

Relations, names of, tabooed, 249-51; of the dead take new names for fear of the ghost,

INDEX

Religion, and magic, 48-60, 64, 90, 92, 162, 324, 711; defined, 50; two elements of, a theoretical and a practical, 50; and science, 51, 712; the Age of, 56; transition from magic to, 57; and music, 334, 335 Religions, oriental, in the West, 356-62

Religious associations among the Indians of North America, 698

Remission of sins through the shedding of blood, 356

Remulus, 149, See Romulus

Renan's theory of Adonis, 340, 341

Renouf, Sir P. le Page, 384

Reproductive powers, beating people to stimulate their, 581-2

Reptile clan of the Omaha Indians, 474

Resurrection, 236; of the god, 300, 386; of the tree-spirit, 300; of a god in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of society, 301; enacted in Shrovetide and Lenten ceremonies, 307; of the effigy of Death, 312; of the Carnival, 315; of the Wild Man, 315; of Kostrubonko, 317; of Attis, 350, 360; of Osiris, 374, 376; of Dionysus, 468; of animals, 516, 529; of fish, 527;. divine, in Mexican ritual, 592; ritual of death and, 691-701

Rex Nemorensis, King of the Wood, 3

Rheumatism, and magic, 44, 45; popular cure for, 196

Rhine, dramatic contest between Winter and Summer on the middle, 316

Rhodes, worship of Helen in, 356

Rhodians worship the sun, 79

Rhys, Sir John, 635, 636

Rice, in homoeopathic magic, 28, 29; in bloom treated like a pregnant woman, 115. 414; used to attract the soul conceived as a bird, 181, 184; in water, divination by, 256; soul of, 413-15, 417; two sheaves as "hus- band and wife," 418; (paddy) father and mother of the, 419; "eating the soul of the rice," 482; the new, ceremonies at eating,

Rice bride and bridegroom, 418; cakes, 490; child, 417; mother, 413, 415, 417

Rickets, cure for, 682

Riedel, J. G. F., 696

Rings to prevent the escape of the soul, 180; as amulets, 226, 243; as spiritual fetters, 243; and knots tabooed, 238-44

Ritual, of Adonis, 335-41; of Attis. 347-352; of Dionysus, 389; primitive, marks of, 411; magical or propitiatory, 411; myths dramatised in, 608; of death and resurrec- tion, 691-701

Rock-crystal in rain-charms, 72, 85

Roepstorff, F. A. de, 255

Romans, sacrificed pregnant victims to ensure fertility, 28; the ancient, their ceremonies for procuring rain, 77, 78; superstition as to egg-shells, 201; cutting hair or nails on shipboard, 234; superstitious objection to clasped hands or crossed legs, 240; belief in the magic virtue of divine names, 261; adopt the worship of the Phrygian Mother of the Gods, 348; their sacrifice of red- haired puppies, 444, 476; their cure for fever, 543; deemed sacred the places struck by lightning, 709

Romanus Lecapenus, the emperor, 680 Rome, the Sacrificial King at, 9. 106; rain- making in, 78, 149; sacred trees in, III; kings of, 146-51; King and Queen of, 147, 151; founded by settlers from Alba Longa, 148; descent of the kingship in, 152; Mid- summer festival in ancient, 153, 154; priests in, 224; name of guardian deity kept secret, 262 ; Regifugium at, 30 1 ; Phrygian Mother of the Gods brought to, 348; Festival of Joy {Hilaria) at, 350-51; sacrifice of she-goat to Vedijovis at, 392; annual sacrifice of October horse at, 478; festival of the Compitalia at, 491; the Mother and Grandmother of Ghosts at, 491-3; human scapegoats in ancient, 577; Saturnalia at, 583: sacred fire of Vesta at, Romulus. Ill, 148, 158, 378 Romulus or Remulus, King of Alba, 149 Rook, island of, expulsion of the devil from the, 547; initiation of young men in the, 695 Rope used to keep off demons, 559 Rose, the Little May, 125; the white, dyed

red by the blood of Aphrodite, 336 Roumania, festival of Green George in, 126 Roumanians of Transylvania, 191, 227, 341 Rowan, parasitic, 702

Rowan-tree, a protection against witches, 620 Royalty, the burden of, 168-78 Runaways, knots as charms to stop, 242 Runes, magic, Odin and the. 355 Rupert's Day, effigy burnt on, 614 Rupture, cure for, 682

Russia, thieves' candles in, 56; rain-making in, 63, 71; celebration of Whitsuntide in, 121, 128, 134; St. George's Day in, 128; priest rolled on the fields to fertilise them, 137; use of knots as amulets in, 242; funeral ceremonies of Kostrubonko, etc., in, 317-18; harvest customs in, 405, 425; wood-spirits in, 465; expulsion of demons in Eastern, 559-60; Midsummer fires in, 627, 656; treatment of the effigy of Kupalo in, 652; story of the external soul in, 671; birth trees in, 682; fem-seed at Midsummer in, 704 Rusthng of leaves regarded as the voice of

spirits, 1 1 5 Ruthenia, Midsummer bonfires in, 627 Ruthenian burglars, their charms to cause

sleep, 30 Rye-boar, 460, 461; -mother. 399, 400; -dog, 449; -goat, 454; -pug, 449; -sow, 447-60; -wolf, 447-448; -woman, 428; Woman, the Old. 405

Sabaea or Sheba, kings of, 200

Sabarios, a Lithuanian festival, 480

Sabine priests, 224

Sable-hunters, rules observed by, 525

Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, 281; mock king of, 443

Sacrament in the jrites of Attis, 351; of swine's flesh, 470; of first-fruits, 479, com- bined with a sacrifice of them, 488 ; of eating a god, 498; types of animal, 532-8

Sacramental bread, 491; eating of corn-spirit in animal form, 470; meal of new rice, 482

Sacred persons, names of tabooed, 257-9

INDEX

Sacrifice, of the king's son, 289; of virility, 349, 350; not to be touched, 473; annual, of a sacred animal, 475; of first-fruits, 488; of heifer at kindling need-fire, 641

Sacrifices, offered to ancestors, 71, 72; human, 79,'9&. U2, J17, 146, 279, 281. 290, 354. 355. 378-80, 431, 569, 571, 579, 587, 609, 617, 653, 657. 658; offered to kings, 104; offered to a sacred sword, 109; offered to trees. 112. 113, 115. 116. 118; on roof of new house, 117; to water-spirits, 146; to the dead. 175; at foundation of buildings. 191; to souls of , slain enemies, 212; vicarious, 292; of children among the Semites. 293; offered in connection with irrigation. 370

Sacrificial king at Rome. 9. 106

Sagard. Gabriel, 527

Saghalien, facilitating childbirth in, 240

Sahagun, B. de, 587

St. Andrews, witch burned at. 243

St. Angelo, ill-treated in drought, 75

St. Bride, her Day in the Highlands of Scot- land, 134; an old goddess of fertility. 135

St. Bridget. 134

St. Columba, 101

St. Dasius, martyrdom of. 584-5

St. Denys. his seven heads, 366

St. Francis of Paolo, 74

St. Gens, his image used in rain-making, 77

St. George, festival of. 360

St. George's Day, fertilisation of barren women by fruit-trees on, 119; Green George on, 126-8; ceremony to fertilise the fields on. 137

St. Gervais, spring of, 77

St. Hippolytus, 5

St. James, 50, 51

St. John, Midsummer festival of. in Sardinia, 343; Sweethearts of, 343; oil of, found on oak leaves at Midsummer, 661-2, 706

the Baptist, bathing on his day, 70; his

chapel at Athens, 545 ; associated with Midsummer Day, 622

, the Knights of, 630; Grand Master of

the Order of, 631

St. John's Day. swinging on, 289; Mid- summer fires on, 624, 628; fern-seed blooms on, 704. See Midsummer Day

St. John's Eve, in Sweden, 122; Russian ceremony on, 318; in Malta, 631

St. Joseph, ill-treated in drought, 75

St. Lawrence, fire of, 536

St. Louis, 90

St. Mary, Isle of, 523

St. Maughold, gives veil to St. Bridget, 134

St. Michael, ill-treated in drought, 75

St. Patrick, canon attributed to, 90

St. Paul, on immortality, 39

St. Peter, as giver of rain, 77

St. Peter's Day, 318, 360

St. Pons, his image used in rain-making, 77

St. Rochus's Day, need-fire kindled on, 641

Saint S6caire, Mass of, 54

St. Stephen's Day, 537

St. Sylvester's Day. 561

St. Tecia, falling sickness cured in her church at Llandegla in Wales, 545

St. Vitus's Day, 644

Saints, violence done to images of, to procure rain. 75; images of, dipped in water as a rain-charm, 77

Sakalavas of Madagascar, 172. 258, 295

Sakvari, song, ancient Indian hymn, 67

Sal tree, 145

Salish or Flathead Indians, 187, 486

Salmon, twins thought to be, 66; ceremonies at catching the first of the season, 528

Salmoneus, king of Elis, 77, 149, 159, 292

Salt, abstinence from, 23, 138; not to be eaten, 218, 510, 595, 602; Mexican Goddess of, 588

Salt-pans, continence observed by workers in, 219

Salvation of the individual soul, importance attached to, in Oriental religions, 357

Samarcand. homoeopathic magic applied to babies in. 32; New Year ceremony in, 285

Samaveda. the, 67

Samhnagan, Hallowe'en bonfires. 635

Samoa, rain-making in, 75; taboo on persons who have handled the dead in. 206 ; butter- fly god in, 474; the Wild Pigeon family in,

Samorin. title of the kings of Calicut. 275

Samoyed shamans, their familiar spirits, 683

Samoyeds of Siberia. 252

Sampson, Agnes, a Scotch witch, 542

Samyas monastery, near Lhasa, 573

San Pellegrina, church of, at Ancona, 585

Sanctity and uncleanness not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, 607

Sandwich Islands, the king personated the god in the, 93, 94; precaution as to spittle of chiefs in the, 237

Saning Sari, rice goddess, 415

Sanitation improved through superstition- 201

Sankara and the Grand Lama, 189

Santals. their belief in the absence of the soul in dreams, 182

Saparoea, East Indian island, fishermen's magic in. 18 --Sarawak, 15, 25. 89; taboos observed in, 24 '

Sardines worshipped by Indians of Peru, 527

Sardinia, gardens of Adonis in. 343; Sweet- hearts of St. John at Midsummer in, 343-4; Midsummer fires in, 344

Sarmata Islands, marriage of the Sun and Earth in, 136

Satan, annually expelled by the Wotyaks, 559. and by the Cheremiss, 560; preaches a sermon in North Berwick church, 681

Saturn, the god of sowing. 583; his festival the Saturnalia, 584

Saturnalia. 136. 153, 553. 575; the Roman. 15G. 583-7

Satyrs in relation to goats, 464

Savage, the. 47; his awe and dread of every- thing new, 225; our debt to, 262-4; not to be judged by European standards, 294; not illogical. 517; his belief that animals have souls. 518; unable to discriminate clearly between men and animals, 532; secretiveness of, 691; his dread of sorcery,

. 691

Savage Island, kings killed on account of dearth in, 87; cessation of monarchy in, 176

Savage philosophy, 263

Saxo Grammaticus. 33, 155

Saxons of Transylvania, 238, 239, 306, 312. 316. 456, 530, 672

INDEX

Saxony, May or Whitsuntide trees in. 123; Whitsuntide mummers in, 298, 300; "carrying out Death" in, 309; Oats bride and bridegroom in, 409; fires to burn the witches in, 622

Scandinavia, female descent of the kingship in, 155

Scandinavian custom of the Yule Boar, 461

Scapegoat, Jewish use of, 569; a material vehicle for expulsion of evils, 575

Scapegoats, animals as. 540, 565, 568; birds as, 541; public, 562-77; divine animals as, 570, 576; divine men as, 571, 576; in general, 574

, human, 542, 565, 569; in classical

antiquity, 577-87

Scheube, Dr. B., 507

Schleswig, custom at threshing in, 431

Schrenck, L. von, 511

Schuyler, E., 543

Science, and magic, 48, 711; and religion, 712

Scorpion's bite, pain transferred to an ass, 544

Scorpions, Isis and the, 364

Scotland, magical images in, 56; witches raise wind in, SO; iron as a safeguard against fairies in, 226; witch burnt in, 243; harvest customs in, 341, 403, 406-8, 452; names given to last corn cut in. 403, 409, 480; saying as to the wren in, 536; witchcraft in, 542; worship of Grannus in, 611; Beltane fires in, 617-620; few traces of Midsummer fires in, 63 1 ; Hallowe'en fires in, 635 ; need-fire in. 639-41. See also Highlands

Scouvion, or Escouvion, in Belgium, 610

Scrofula, 90, 203, 204

Scylla, daughter of Nisus, 670

Scythians, the, 87

Sea Dyaks, 25, 239, 249, 531

Sea-god, human sacrifice to, 579

Seals, care taken of the bladders and bones of, 526

Sealskins in sympathy with the tides, 35

Seasons, magical and religious theories of the, 324

Seb (Keb or Geb), Egyptian earth-god, father of Osiris, 362

Secretiveness of the savage, 691

Sedna. Esquimau goddess, 552

Seed-corn. 420, 452. 461. 463, 469. 470, 666; -rice, 284; -time, annual expulsion of demons at, 557

Segera, a sago magician of Kiwai, 379

Seker (Sokari), title of Osiris. 375

Selangor, rice-crop supposed to depend on the district officer of, 89; durian-trees threatened in, 113

Seligman, Dr, C. C, 266. 270

Semele, mother of Dionysus, 265, 389

Seminole Indians of Florida, 486, 520

Semites, the, 293

Semitic Baal, 281; kings as hereditary deities, 333; personal names, indicating relationship to a deity, 333; worship of Adonis, 325

Senal Indians of California, 707

Sencis of Peru, the. 78

Senegambia, Python clan in, 502; the mistle- toe in. 660

Serbia, rain-making ceremony in, 69; Mid- summer fires in, 627; the Yule log in, 638; need-fire in, 640

Serbian women's charm to hoodwink their husbands, 32

Serpents, in magic, 32; ceremonies observed after killing, 222; killing the sacred. 501; burnt alive, 655, 658

Servius TuUius, Roman king, 152

Set, or Typhon, brother of Osiris, 363, 365,

Seven, the number in magical ceremonies, etc., 242, 280. 417, 610, 631

Sex totems, 687-8

Sexes, of plants, recognised by some savages and by the ancients, 114; influence of the, on vegetation, 135-9; danger apprehended from the relation of the, 700

Sexual intercourse practised to make the crops and fruit grow, 135-6

Seyf el-Mulook and the jinnee, story of, 674

Shadow, the soul identified with the, 189-192

Shadows, of people drawn out by ghosts, 190; animals injured through their, 190; of certain persons dangerous, 190, 207; of people built into foundations of edifices, 191

Shakespeare on deata at ebb tide, 35

Shamans, 88, 683

Shanghai, geomancy at, 36

Shans of Burma, 77

Sheba or Sabaea, kings of. 200

Sheep, torn by wolf in homoeopathic magic, 32; used in purificatory ceremony, 214; black, sacrificed for rain, 72

Shell, called the "old man," 33

Shenty. Egyptian cow-goddess, 375

Shetland, witches in, 81

Shilluk, the, 266, 294; their kings, 295

Shoes, of priestess, 174; of boar's skin worn by king at inauguration, 594

Shooting -star, superstition as to, 279

Shrove Tuesday, customs on, 134, 302, 305, 317, 461, 614, 651, 656

Shrovetide customs, 298; Bear, 306

Shuswap Indians, 66, 190, 207

Siam, kings of, 99, 224, 257, 593; objection to the king's image on coins in, 193; mode of executing royal criminals in, 228; belief that a guardian spirit dwells in the head in, 230; ceremony at cutting a child's hair in, 235; temporary kings in, 284. 289; annual expulsion of demons in, 559; human scape- goat in, 570

Siamese monks, 112; story of the external soul, 669

Siaoo, belief as to sylvan spirits in, 116

Siberia, bear-festival in, 510; sable-hunters in, 525; external souls of shamans in, 683

Sibyl, the, and the Golden Bough, 3

Sibylline Books, the. 348

Sicily, attempts to compel the saints to give rain in, 74. 75; gardens of Adonis in, 344; Good Friday ceremonies in. 345 ; Mid- summer fires in, 631

Sickness, homoeopathic magic for the cure of, 15; explained by the absence of the soul, 183; ascribed to possession by demons and cured by exorcism, 196, 547; cured or pre- vented by effigies, 492; transferred to things, 539, or people, 540, 544, or animals, 540, 544; bonfires a protection against, 610

Sicknesses expelled in a ship, 563

Sierra Leone, 174; custom of beating a king on the eve of his coronation in, 176

INDEX

Sieve, water poured through, as a rain- charm, 71

Sikkim, fear of the camera in, 193

Silenuses, minor deities associated with Dionysus, 464

Silesia, Whitsuntide King in, 129; Whitsun- tide customs in, 132; "carrying out Death" in, 309-11, 314, 614; bringing in Summer, 311; the Grandmother at harvest in, 401; names given to last sheaf in, 402; the Wlieat Bride at harvest in, 409; harvest customs in, 428, 449, 451, 453, 457; expulsion of witches and evil spirits in, 560, 561 ; need- fire in, 640

Silk-cotton trees reverenced, 112

Silkworms, taboos observed by breeders of,

Silvanus, the Roman wood-god, 140, 141

Silvii, family name of kings of Alba, 149, 163

Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, 680

Similarity in magic, law of, 1 1

Singarmati Deva, Indian goddess, 218

Singhalese, the, 226

Sins, confession of, 198, 217, 540, 541-2, 553, 569; the remission of, through the shedding of blood, 356; transferred to a buffalo calf, 541 ; transferred vicariously to human beings, 542; of the Children of Israel trans- ferred to scapegoat, 569

Sioux Indians, 497

Sirius, the Dog-star, 370, 384

Sisters, taboos observed by, 23, 25

Situa, annual festival of the Incas, 553

Siva and PS.rvatt, marriage of the images of,

Skeat, W. W.. 417

Skeleton drenched with water as a ra n-charm,

Skin disease caused by eating a. sacred animal, 473

Skins of sacrificed animals, uses made of, 466, 477, 499-501, 529; of human victims, 591

Skipping-rope played at bear-festival, 512

Skulls, of head-hunters' victims preserved as relics, 433; of bears and foxes worshipped and consulted as oracles, 505; of turtles propitiated, 526

Sky, twins called children of the, 67; obser- vation of the, for omens, 279

Skye, last sheaf called the Cripple Goat in, 455; the need-fire in, 618

Slave, charm to bring back a runaway, 31

Slave priest at Nemi, 3

Slave Coast of West Africa, negroes of the, 116; exorcism of demons from children on the, 196, 226; precautions as to the spittle of kings on the, 237

Slaves, license granted to, at the Saturnalia, 158, 583

Slavonia, harvest customs in, 404; the Corn- spirit in, 448; custom of "carrying out Death" in, 578; the Yule log in, 638; need- fire in, 641; stories of the external soul in,

Slavonians, South, 30, 32, 114, 119, 649. See also Slavs

Slavs, 110, 161, 278, 302, 400. 649, 665; of Carinthia, 126; South, 44, 636

Sleep, charms to cause, 30; absence of the soul in, 181-2; forbidden in house after a death, 182; sick people SPt allowed to, 193

Slovenes, 128; of Oberkrain, 134

Smallpox, 493; demon of, transferred to a sow, 540; blood of monkey used to exorcise the devil of, 549; flight from the evil spirit of, 550; demon of, expelled by means of an image, 563; expelled in a boat, 564

Smith's craft sacred, 86

Smoke, in rain-making, 73; of cedar inhaled as means of inspiration, 95; of bonfires, 612, 622, 645; of need-fire, 640; used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 650

Smoking as a means of inducing a state of ecstasy, 484; in honour of slain bears, 522

Snail supposed to suck blood of cattle, 190

Snake, used in rain-charm, 72; respected by Indians of Carolina, 519; worshipped, 535; said to wound a girl at puberty, 601 ; seven- headed, external soul of witch in a, 676

Snake-bite, charm against, 32; clan, exposed infants to snakes, 502; -god, married to women, 145; -stone, 34; tribe, in the Punjaub, 535

Snipe, fever transferred to a, 545

Snorri Sturluson, 379

Sochit or Socket, epithet of Isis, 383

Society, uniformity of occupation in primi- tive, 61; ancient, built on the principle of subordination of the individual to the community, 357

Sofala, kings of, put to death, 272

Sogamosa or Sogamoza, the pontiff of, 104; heir to the throne not allowed to see the sun, 595

Sokari (Seker), a title of Osiris, 375

Solar theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, 642, 643

Solomon Islands, the, disposal of cut hair in, 235; ceremony for getting rid of fatigue in,

Solstice, the summer, its importance for primitive man, 622; the winter, reckoned by the ancients the Nativity of the Sun, 358

Solstitial fires perhaps rain-charms, 706

Son of God, alleged incarnation of the, in America, 102; of the king, sacrificed for his father, 289

Songs of the corn-reapers, 424

Sopater accused of binding the winds, 8 1

Sorcerers, 84, 233, 235, 236; souls extracted or detained by, 187, 188; influence wielded by, 196; injure men through their names, 245; exorcise demons, 548

Sorcery, the dread of, 233, 691; protections against, 621, 629, 663

Sorrowful One, vaults of the, 371

Sothis, Egyptian name for Sirius, 370

Soul, the perils of the, 178; as a mannikin, 178; absence and recall of the, 180; as a shadow and a reflection, 189-92; in the blood, 228. 2,^0; identified with the per- sonal name, 244; of man-god, 265; succes- sion to the, 293-5; of the rice. 413. 415; thought to be seated in the liver, 497; the notion of a, 690; the unity and indivisibility of the, 690. See also Souls

. the external, in folk-tales, 667-78; in

inanimate things, 679; in plants, 681; in animals, 683; kept in totem, 690

Soul-boxes, amulets as, 679-80; -stone, 680

INDEX

^45

Souls, of the dead in trees, 115; every man thought to have four, 179; light and heavy, thin and fat, 179; transference of, 184, 185; abducted by demons, 186; extracted or detained by sorcerers, 187-8; supposed to be in portraits, 193; of slain enemies pro- pitiated, 213; of beasts respected, 223; of the dead transmitted to successors, 294; immortal, attributed to animals, 518; the plurality of, 690

South Sea Islands, human gods in the, 96

Sow, corn-spirit as, 460; the cropped black, at Hallowe'en, 636

Sowing, homoeopathic magic at, 28; sexual intercourse before, 136; continence at, 138; rites of, in Egypt, 37 1 ; and ploughing, ceremony of, in the rites of Osiris, 375; expulsion of demons at, 575

Spain, belief as to death at ebb tide in, 35; Midsummer fires in, 631

Spark Sunday in Switzerland, 613

Sparrows, charm to keep them from the corn,

Sparta, state sacrifices at, 9; sacrifices to the sun at, 79; king not to be touched, 224; warned by oracle against a lame reign, 273; octennial tenure of kingship at, 279

Spears, sacred, 351, 571

Speke, Captain J. H., 196

Spells, cast by strangers, 197; at hair-cutting, 233; cast by witches on union of man and wife. 650

Spelt-goat, last sheaf called the, 456

Spices used in exorcism of demons, 196

Spiders in homoeopathic magic, 31; ceremony at killing. 524

Spindles not to be carried openly on the highroads, 20; not to be twirled while men are in council, 20

Spinning forbidden to women under certain circumstances, 20

Spirit, Brethren and Sisters of the Free, 101; of vegetation, see Vegetation; the Great, of American Indians, 264

Spirits, in trees, 112; water, 145; averse to iron, 225; evil, fear of attracting the atten- tion of, 248; distinguished from gods, 411; of the woods, 465; retreat of the army of,

Spitting, forbidden, 218; upon knots as a charm. 241; at ceremony of expulsion of evils, 568

Spittle, used in magic, 13, 233, 234, 237; tabooed, 237; used in making a covenant, 237; magical virtue of, 435, 437

Sprenger, the inquisitor, 681

Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, 320; ceremony at the beginning of. in China, 468

Spring customs and harvest customs com- pared, 410

Spring, oracular, at Dodona, 147

Springiaok, not eaten by Bushmen, 495

Squirrels burnt in Easter bonfires, 616, 656

Stabbing men's shadows in order to injure the men, 189

Standing on one foot, custom of, 284, 285, 288

Star, falling, in magic, 17; the Evening, in Keats's last sonnet, 34; of Salvation, 346; of Bethlehem, 347; the Morning, 432

Stars, shooting, superstitions as to, 279

Stella Maris, an epithet of the Virgin Mary,

Stepping over persons forbidden, 211; over dead panther, 221

Sternberg, Leo, 513, 517

Sticks, charred, uses of, 614, 616, 624, 626; and stones, evils transferred to, 540; whittled, 508, 512

Stiens of Cambodia, the, 524

Stinging with ants as a form of purification,

Stone, used in ceremony to facilitate child- birth, 14; supposed to cure jaundice, 16; treading on a, as a homoeopathic charm, 33; (lapis manalis) used in rain-making at Rome, 77-8; holed, in magic, to make sun- shine, 78; external soul in a, 680; magical, put into body of novice at initiation, 699

Stone-throwing as a fertility charm, 7 ; -curlew as a cure for jaundice. 16

Stones anointed in order to avert bullet^ from warriors, 26 ; homoeopathic magic of, 33; precious, magical qualities of, 34; rain-making by means of, 75, 85; in charms to make the sun shine, 78; in wind charms, 80; ghosts in, 190; sacred. 235; in last sheaf, 402, 403; criminal crushed between, 431; fatigue transferred to, 540

Stoning human scapegoats, 579

Storms, Catholic priests thought to possess the power of averting, 53 ; caused by cutting or combing the hair, 234

Stow, in Suffolk, witch at, 44

Strangers, taboos on intercourse with, 194; suspected of practising magic arts, 194; ceremonies at reception of, 195; slain as representatives of the corn-spirit, 426; re- garded as representatives of the corn- spirit, 429, 431, 439

Straw, wrapt round fruit-trees as a pro- tection against evil spirits, 561 ; tied round trees to make them fruitful, 612

Straw-bull at harvest, 457; -goat, 456

Strength of people boimd up with their hair, 680

Strings, knotted, as amulets, 243

Strudeli and Stratelli, female spirits of the wood, 561

Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, 605

Stubbes, Phillip, his Anatomie of Abuses, 123

Stubble-cock, name of harvest supper, 451

Styx, passage of Aeneas across the, 707

Substitutes, put to death instead of kings, 278, 282, 289; temporary, for the Shah of Persia, 289; for human sacrifices, 354

Substitution for human victims, of animals, 292, 392, 436; of rice-cakes, 490; of effigies,

Sudanese, 30

Suffocation as a mode of executing royal criminals, 228

Sulka, the, of New Britain, 64, 76, 247

Sulla, at the temple of Diana, 164

"Sultan of the Scribes," at Fez, 286

Sumatra, magical image to obtain offspring in, 14; pregnant woman not to stand at the door in, 21; homoeopathic magic at sowing rice in, 28; rain-charm by means of a black cat in, 72; personification of the rice in, 415; tigers respected in, 519; human scapegoat in, 570

INDEX

Summer, bringing in the, 311-16; and Winter, battle of, 316-17

Summer-trees, 311, 314

Sun, prayers offered to the, 1 4, 26, 78 ; magical control of the, 78-80; ceremonies at eclipses of the, 78; ancient Egyptian ceremony for the regulation of the, 78; sacrifices to the, 79; chief deity of the Rhodians, 79 ; supposed to drive in a chariot, 79; caught by net or string, 79; father of the Incas, 104; Parthian mon- archs the brothers of the, 104; and Earth, marriage of the, 136, 145; not allowed to shine on sacred persons, 169, 170; represented as a man with a bull's head, 281; Adonis as the, 337; Nativity of the, 358; the Unconquered, Mithra identified with, 358; Osiris as the, 384; first-fruits offered to the, 431; ceremony at the reappearance of the, in the Arctic regions, 551; hearts of human victims offered to the, 589; rule not to see the, 595 ; not to shine on girls at puberty, 596-600, 602; symbolized by a wheel, 644; fem-seed procured by shooting at the, 705; the ultimate cooling of the, 713

Sun-god, the, 73, 105; -goddess, 168

Sunflower roots, ceremony at eating, 487

Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, 6-17-8

Surinam, the Bush negroes of, 166, 473

Swabia, the Harvest-May in, 118; May- trees in, 123; disposal of cut hair in, 235 ; Whitsuntide mummers in, 297 ; Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, 307; the Old Woman at harvest in, 402; har- vest customs in. 454, 457, 458, 460; Lenten fires in, 612; Easter fires in, 617; Mid- summer fires in, 624; "fire of heaven" in,

Swallows as scapegoats, 541

Swami Bhaskaranandaji Saraswati, 100

Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, 676

Swazieland, knots as charms in, 242

Swearing on stones, 33

Sweat, contagious magic of, 43

Sweating as a purification, 207

Sweden, sacred grove in, 110; peasants stick leafy branches in cornfields in, 118; guardian trees in, 1 20; birch twigs on the eve of May Day in, 122; bonfires and May-poles at Midsummer in, 1 22; Midsummer Bride and Bridegroom in, 133; Frey and his priestess in, 143; dra- matic contest between Summer and Winter on May Day in, 316; harvest customs in, 406; custom at threshing in, 431; Yule Boar in, 461; Christmas custom in, 462; Easter bonfires in, 617; May Day bon- fires in, 621, 645; Midsummer fires in, 625; the need-fire in, 641; the mistletoe in, 661, 663; Balder's balefires in, 664; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 702; the divining rod in, 705

Swedish kings, traces of nine years' reign of, 278

"Sweethearts of St. John," 343, 344

Swine's flesh, sacraraentally eaten, 470, 472; not eaten by worshippers of Attis, 471

Swineherds forbidden "to enter Egyptian temples, 472

Swinging, at ploughing rite in Siam, 285, 288; to make the flax grow high, 289

Switzerland, harvest customs in, 455, 457, 458; frightening away the spirits of the wood in, 561; Lenten fires in, 613; the need-fire in, 641, 645; the mistletoe in, 661, 662; fern-seed on St. John's Night in, 705

Sword, a magical, 109

Swords used to ward off or expel demons, 549, 551

Sycamore at doors on May Day, 121; eflSgy of Osiris placed on boughs of, 376

Syleus, the legend of, 442

Sylvan deities in classical art, 1 1 7

Sympathy, magical, 38

Syrians, their religious attitude to pigs, 471; esteemed fish sacred, 473

Syria, 241; Adonis in, 327; precaution against caterpillars in, 531

Szis, the, of Upper Burmah, 418

Ta-ta-thi tribe of New South Wales, 76

Ti-uz (Tammuzl, 338

Tabali, chief of, 237

Taboo, or negative magic, 1 9-22, 29 ; of chiefs and kings, 204; the meaning of, 223 ; conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, 594. See also Taboos

Taboo rajah and chief, 177-8

Tabooed acts, 194-202; hands, 204-8, 210, 214, 233; persons, 202-23, 593-5; things, 223-4; words, 244-62

Taboos, on food, 21, 238; on parents of twins, 66; royal and priestly, 168-75; on intercourse with strangers, 194; on eating and drinking, 198; on showing the face, 199 ; on quitting the house, 200 ; on leaving food over, 200; on chiefs and kings, 202; on mourners, 205; on women, 207; on warriors, 2l6; on man-slayers, 212; on hunters and fishers, 216; as spiritual insulators. 223; on iron, 224; on sharp weapons, 226; on blood, 227; re- lating to the head, 230; on hair, 231; on spittle, 237; on knots and rings, 238; on words, 244; on personal names, 244; on names of relations, 249; on names of the dead, 251; on names of kings and other sacred persons, 257; on names of gods, 260; regulating the lives of divine kings,

observed in fishing and hunting, 20;

by children in the absence of their fathers, 21, 22, 26; by wives in the absence of their husbands, 21-5; by sisters in the absence of their brothers, 25; after house- building, 117; for the sake of the crops, 138; by the Mikado, 169; by headmen in Assam, 173; by ancient kings of Ireland, 173; by the Flamen Dialis, 174; by the Bodia, 175; by sacred milkmen among the Todas, 175; by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, 594

Tahiti, seclusion of women after childbirth in, 208; king and queen of, 224, 593; sanctity of the head in, 231; names of kings not to be pronounced in, 259

Talismans possessed by the Fire King, of Cambodia, 108

INDEX

Talmud, the, on meiM..xaous women, 604

TaJos, legend of, 280

Tamarind tree, sacred, 118

Tammuz, or Adonis, 325; the lover of Ishtar, 325; laments for, 326; mourned for at Jerusalem, 327; as a corn-spirit, 338; his bones ground in a mill, 338, 442; perhaps represented by the mock king of Sacaea, 442-3

Tana (Tanna), one of the New Hebrides, contagious magic of clothes in, 43; magic practised on refuse of food in, 201

Tapio, woodland god in Finland, 141

Tar barrel, burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, 625

Tara, capital of ancient Ireland, 173, 273

Tari Pennu, earth goddess, 434

Taro plants beaten to make them grow, 581

Tarquin the Elder, 152

the Proud, 150

Tartar Khan, ceremony at visiting a, 198

stories of the external soul, 675, 676

Tartars, the Buddhist, 102

Tasmania, 252

Tatius, king of Rome, 152, 158

Tattoo marks of priests of Attis, 352

Tattooing in the Punjaub, 180

Tauric Diana, her image brought by Orestes to Italy, 2; only to be appeased with human blood, 6

Taygetus, Mount, sacrifices to the sun on, 79

Taylor, Rev. J. C. 570

Teeth, contagious magic of, 38-39; of rats and mice in magic, 39 ; of ancestor in magical ceremony, 78 ; of sacred kings preserved as amulets. 109; loss of, sup- posed effect of breaking a taboo, 206; as a rain-charm, 234; extracted, kept against the resurrection, 236

Tegner, Swedish poet, 664

Tein-eigin, need-fire, in Scotland, 617, 618

Telepathy, magical. 22, 24, 25

Telugus. their way of stopping rain, 64

Temple at Jerusaleyn, built without iron,

Temples built in honour of living kings of Babylon, and of Egypt, 104

Tenedos, isle of, 291, 392

Tepehuanes of Mexico, 193

Teton Indians, 524

Teutonic kings as priests, 9; stories of the external soul, 672; thunder-god, 160

Tezcatlipoco, Mexican god, 587

Thargelia, Greek festival of the, 579, 582

Thebes, the Boeotian, grave of Dionysus at, 3S9

Thebes, in Egypt. 142. 174; Valley of the Kings at, 377; annual sacrifice of ram to Ammon at. 477. 500

Theddora tribe of South-east Australia. 498

Theocracies in America, 170

Theogamy. divine marriage, 140

Theology distinguished from religion, 50

Theseus and Hippolytus, 4

Thesmophoria, ancient Greek festival, 353, 371, 389. 469. 470

Thevet, P. A., 88

Thieves' candles, 30, 31, 56

Thlinkeet or Tlingit Indians, 234, 528, 600

Thompson Indians of British Columbia, 27, 45, 487, 708

Thonga, Bantu tribe of South Africa, 708 Thor, the Norse thunder-god. 160 Thorn bushes to keep off ghosts, 207 Thorns, wreaths of. hung up as a sign to

warn off strangers, 558 Thoth, Egyptian god of wisdom, 362, 364 Thrace, worship of Dionysus in, 386; the Bacchanals of, 390; human scapegoat in, Thracian gods ruddy and blue-eyed, 260 Thread, use of, in maRic. 181, 242, 545 Thresher of the last corn, 400, 405-6, 448,

456, 458, 460 Thresher-cow. in the Canton of Zurich, 458 Threshing, customs at, 400, 405, 418, 428-9,

431, 448, 449, 451, 453, 456. 458, 460 Threshing-dog, 448 Thrumalum, mythical being in Australia,

Thunar or Donar, German thunder-god, 160

Thunder, imitation of, 63; kings expected

to make, 149; expiation for hearing, 174;

Midsummer fires a protection against, 627,

Thunder-beings. 524; -besom, 662, 709;

-bird, the mythical, 599; -god, 161 Thunderbolt. Zeus surnamed the, 159 Thuremlin, a mythical being, 692 Thuringen , homoeopathic magic at sowing flax in. 28; May King in, 129; Whitsun- tide mummers in, 298, 300; carrying out Death in, 308; customs at threshing in, 405, 458; the Harvest-cock in, 451; "the Boar in the corn" in, 460; Midsummer fires in, 656 Tiber, puppets thrown into the, 493 Tibet, the Grand Lamas of, 102; incarnate human gods in, 103; vicarious use of images in, 492; huihan scapegoats in, 572 Tibetan new year, 572 Tides, homoeopathic magic of the, 34, 35 Tigers, respected in Sumatra, 519 Timmes, the, of Sierra Leone, 176 Timor, island of, telepathy in, 26; fetish or taboo rajah in, 177; war customs in, 212; transference of fatigue to leaves in, 540 Timorlaut Islands, 526, 564 Tinneh or D6n6 Indians, 208; of North-west

America, 486 Titans kill Dionysus. 388 Tiyans of Malabar, 602 Tlingit or Thlinkeet Indians, 234, 528, 600 Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka

Indians, 699 Toads in relation to rain, 73 Tobacco, used as an emetic, 484-5 Tobacco smoke, priest inspired by, 95 Toboongkoo, the, of Central Celebes, 116 Todas, a tribe of Southern India, 100, 175,

Togoland. expulsion of devils in, 555 Tolalaki. the, of Central Celebes, 498 Tolampoos, the, of Central Celebes, 244 Tomori, the, of Central Celebes, 116, 416 Tonapoo, the, of Central Celebes, 117 Tonga, chief's touch thought to heal scrofula in, 90; veneration paid to divine chiefs in, 177; kings of. 203, 231; tabooed per- sons not allowed to handle food in, 206; ceremony performed after contact with a sacred chief in, 473

INDEX

Tonquin, division of monarchy in , 177; annual expulsion of demons in, 558

Toothache, transferred to enemies, 539; remedy for, 544

Toradjas of Central Celebes, 18, 21, 68, 71, 75, 117, 197, 232, 416. 581

Torches, offered by women to Diana, 3; used to mimic lightning, 77; used in expulsion of demons. 548, 550, 554, 555, 557, 560, 562; in expulsion of witches, 560, 561; processions with lighted, 610, 61 1, 647; carried round folds, 631; applied to fruit trees to fertilise them, 647

Torres Straits Islands, 604; magic in the, 1 8 ; personal names tabooed in, 250 ; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 598

Tortoises in magic, 36 ; reasons for not eating, 495

Totem, skin disease supposed to be caused by eating, 473; supposed effect of killing, 689; receptacle for a man's external soul, 690; transference of soul to, 692, 700

Totem animal, artificial, 699; clans, 17, 504. 700

Totemism, in Australia and America, 533; suggested theory of, 689

Totems, magical ceremonies for the multi- plication of the, 17, 85-6

Toumbuluh tribe of North Celebes, 239, 240

Toxcatl, old Mexican festival, 587

Transmigration of human souls, into turtles, 504; into bears. 511; into totem animals,

Transubstantiation. 490

Transylvania, rain-making in, 71; festival of Green George in, 126; continence at sowing in, 138; saying as to sleepin g child in, 182; harvest customs in, 451, 452, 456; customs at sowing in, 530; story of the external soul in, 672

Transylvania, the Germans of, 239; the Roumanians of, 191, 227, 341; the Saxons of. 238, 306, 312, 316, 456. 530, 672

Travancore, the Rajah of, 543

Tree, that has been struck by lightning, 80, 708; decked with sham bracelets, etc., 342; burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, 626, 628; external soul in a, 670, 680. See also Trees

Tree-agates, 34

spirit, represented simultaneously in

vegetable and human form, 125; repre- sentative of, thrown into water to ensure rain, 126; killing of the, 296-323; resur- rection of the, 300; in relation to the vegetation-spirit, 315-16; Attis as a, 352; Osiris as a, 380; effigies of, burnt in bon- fires, 651; human representatives of, put to death. 652, 665

spirits, 109-17; beneficent powers of.

117-20. 651; in human form or embodied in living people, 125

worship, 109; among the ancient

Germans, 110; among European families of the Aryan stock, 1 10; among the Lithuanians, 110; in ancient Greece and Italy, 111; among the Finnish-Ugrian stock in Europe, III; notions at the root of, lU; in modem Europe, relics of. 120-35

Trees, worship of, 109; oracular, 110; re- garded as animate. 111; sacrifices offered to. 112, 113, 115. 116, 118; sensitive, 112; apologies offered to, for cutting them down, 113; bleeding, 113; threatened to make them bear fruit, 113; married to each other, 114; in blossom treated like pregnant women. 115; animated by the souls of the dead. 115; planted on graves, 115; demons in, 116; ceremonies at cut- ting down, 1 16; grant women an easy delivery, 120; sacred, 120; represented on the monuments of Osiris. 380; in relation to Dionysus, 387; evils trans- ferred to. 545; burnt in bonfires, 612. 616, 626, 630, 651; lives of people bound up with, 681, 682; passing through cleft trees as a cure for various maladies, 682-3; fire thought by^ savages to be stored like sap in, 706

Tribute of youths and maidens sent to the Minotaur, 280

Trinity, the Hindoo, 52

Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, 394, 396,

Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, 6

Trolls, 617, 625. 663, 707

Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, 600

Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, 26

Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, 66

Tsuen-cheu-fu, in China, geomancy at, 36

Tuaregs of the Sahara. 252

Tiibingen, burying the Carnival near, 306

Tuhoe tribe of Maoris, 119

TuUus Hostilius, king of Rome, 141, 158

Tumleo, island of, 43

Tuna, a spirit, expulsion of, 551

Turcoman cure for fever, 242

Turkestan, human scapegoat in, 543

Turks, exorcism practised by the, 1 95 ; preserve their nail-parings for use at the resurrection. 236; of Central Asia, 496

Turmeric cultivated, 434, 437

Turner's picture of the Golden Bough, I

"Turquoise, Mistress of," at Sinai, 330

Turtle, magical models of. 18

Turtles, killing the sacred, 502; transmi- gration of human souls into, 504

Twanyirika, an Australian spirit, 693

Twelfth Day, ceremony of the King at Carcassone on, 537; the Eve of, 561, 609,

Night, expulsion of the powers of evil

on, 561; the King of the Bean on, 586; the Yule log on. 637

Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, precautions against witches during the, 561; Nights, remains of Yule log scattered over the fields during the, 637

Twins, 29, 227; taboos laid on parents of, 66; supposed to possess magical powers. 66-7 ; associated with salmon, and the grizzly bear, 66; called children of the sky, 67; water poured on graves of, 67; parents of, thought to be able to fertilise plantain trees, 137

"Two Brothers, The," Egyptian tale of, 674

Tycoons, the, 176

Typhon, or Set, the brother of Osiris, 363, 365, 475

INDEX

Tyrol, the, witches in, 234; disposal of loose hair in, 237; wedding-ring as amulet in, 243; customs at threshing in, 429; the last thresher in, 449, 456; "burning out the witches" in, 560, 622; Lenten fires in, 612; Midsummer fires in, 625; fern- seed in, 705

Ualaroi, the. o£ the Darling River, 692 Uap, island of, taboos observed by fishermen

in, 218 Uea, one of the Loyalty Islands, 185 Uganda, 208; priest inspired by tobacco

smoke in, 95; taboos observed by father

of twins in, 227; kinp's brothers burnt in,

286; human scapegoats in, 543, 565; king

of, 543, 565, 593 Ukraine, ceremony to fertilise the fields on

St. George's Day in the, 137 Uliase, East Indian island, 191, 196 Ulster, taboos observed by the ancient kings

of, 173 Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, 158 Unconquered Sun, Mithra identified with

the, 358 Universal healer, mistietoe called, 659 Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, 693 Unreason, Abbot of, 586 Upsala, sacred grove at, 110; festival at,

279; sacrifice of king's sons at, 290;

human sacrifices at, 354 Upulero, the spirit of the sun, 14 Ur, the fourth dynasty of, 104 Urua, divinity claimed by the chief of, 98

Valerius Soranus, 262

Vampyres, need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, 641, 649

Vancouver Island, 599

Vedijovis, she-goat sacrificed to, 392

Vegetable and animal life associated in the primitive mind, 325

Vegetation, homoeopathic influence of per- sons on, 29; spirit of, 124, 125, 127-129, 131; influence of the sexes on, 135-139; men and women masquerading as the spirits of, 140; marriage of the powers of, 146; death and revival of the spirit of, 300, 315, 318-19; perhaps generalised from a tree-spirit, 315-16, 339; growth and decay of, 324, 385; decay and revival of, in the rites of Adonis, 337; gardens of Adonis charms to promote the growth of, 341, 342; Attis as a god of, 352; Osiris as a god of, 381, 385; decay and growth of, conceived as the death and resurrection of gods, 385; ancient deities of, as ani- mals, 464-79; Mars a deity of, 578; spirit

, of, burnt in eflSgy, 651; reasons for burn- ing a deity of, 651; leaf-clad representa-

,' five of the spirit of, burnt, 652; view that victims of the Druids represented spirits of, 658

"Veins of the Nile," 371

Veleda, a deified woman, 97

Vendue, custom of threshing in, 406

Venison, ill effect of eating, 496

Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, 5, 7, 8

Venus, the planet, identified with Astarte, 346, 370

Vermin, from hair returned to their owner, 236; propitiated by farmers, 530; exor- cised with torches, 647

Verres, Roman governor, 397

Vervain, 17, 623, 624

Vesta, temple of, 3, 704; perpetual fire of, 3, 665

Vestal fire, 3; at Nemi, 163, 164

Virgins, 3, 153, 235, 478. 493

Vestals, 4, 145

Victoria, Queen, worshipped in Orissa, 100

Victoria, aborigines of, 45, 252; sex totems in, 688

Victoria Nyanza, Lake, 87

Vine, the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, 362, 380; in relation to Dionysus,

Vintage song, Phoenician, 425, 442

Violets sprung from the blood of Attis, 348

Virbius, 4, 5. 8, 141, 163, 164, 301, 476, 707

Virgin, the Heavenly, mother of the Sun,

Virgin Mary and Isis, 383

mothers, tales of, 347

Virgins, sacrifice of, 146, 370 Vitu Levu, Fijian island, 695 Vitzilipuztli, a great Mexican god, 488 Voigtland, locks unlocked at childbirth in,

239; bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, 622

Volga, sacred groves among the tribes o£ the. 111

Vomiting, homoeopathic cure for, 16; as a religious rite, 485

Vosges, the, disposal of cut hair and nails in, 236; harvest customs in, 449; Mid- summer fires in, 629, 645 ; cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in, 656

Vosges M ountains , t he , M ay customs in, 121; "catching the cat" in, 453

Voyages, telepathy in, 24

Wadai, Sultan of, 200, 273

Wageia of East Africa, 215

Wagogo of East Africa, 23, 72, 85, 495

Wagtail, the yellow, in magic, 15, 16

Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, 288

Wajagga of East Africa, 237

Wakanda, a spirit, 216

Wakelbura of Australia, 180, 603

Wakondyo of Central Africa, 76

Walher, the. 126, 127

Waldemar I., King of Denmark, 89

Wales, belief as to death at ebb tide in, 35; harvest customs in, 403; falling sickness transferred to fowls in, 545; Beltane fires in, 620; Midsummer fires in, 630, 646; Hallowe'en fires in, 635; mistletoe in, 661, 663

Walhalla, mistletoe growing east of, 608

Wallachia, crown of last ears of corn worn by girl at harvest in, 341

Walos of Senegambia, 660

Walpurgis Day in Upper Franken, 616

Night, witches abroad on. 560, 622;

annual expulsion of witches on, 561

Wambugwe of East Africa, 72, 84 Wandorobbo of East Africa, 219 Wanika of East Africa, 112 War, telepathy in, 25-7; rules of ceremonial

purity observed in , 210; continence in.

210-12

INDEX

Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, 668

Warramunga of Central Australia, 17

Warriors tabooed, 210, 594

Warts, transferred to ash-tree, 546

Warua, the, 198

Washing, forbidden for magical reasons, 21, 23, 68 ; practised as a ceremonial puri- fication by the Jews, and by the Greeks,

Wataturu of East Africa, 85

Watchdogs, charm to silence, 31

Water, used in charms, 26, 63, 67, 71, 341; kings of, 108; in Midsummer festival, 154, 625; of Life, Ishtar sprinkled with, 326; used to wash away sins, 543

Water-ousel, heart of, eaten to make eater wise and eloquent, 496

■ -spirits, propitiation of, 127; women

married to, 145; sacrifices to, 146; danger of, 192

Wawamba of Central Africa, 76

Wax figures in magic, 543-4

Weapon and wound, contagious magic of, 41-3

Weapons, prayers to, 27; of warriors, puri- fication of, 214; sharp, tabooed, 226

Weariness, transferred to stones. 540

Weather, magical control of the, 60-83

Weaving, charm to ensure skill in, 32

Wedding ring amulet against witchcraft,

Weevils spared by Esthonian peasants, 530

Wells, cleansed as rain-charm, 67; men- struous women kept from, 604, 606

Wends, the, 119, 402, 451; of Saxony, 708

Wennland in Sweden, treatment of strangers on the threshing-floor in, 431; grain of last sheaf baked in a girl-shaped loaf in,

Westermarck, Dr. Edward, 642, 643

Westphalia, the Whitsuntide Bride in, 135; the last sheaf at harvest in, 401 ; the Harvest-cock in, 451; Easter fires in, 615; the Yule log in, 637

Wetar, East Indian island, stabbing people's shadows in, 189; belief regarding leprosy in. 473

Whale, solemn burial of dead, 223

Whale's ghost, fear of injuring, 220

Whalers, taboos observed by, 217, 220, 221

Whales, ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, 523

Wheat and barley, the cultivation of, intro- duced by Osiris, 363; discovered by Isis,

Wheat Bride, 408; -cock, 451; -cow. 457; -dog, 448, 449; -goat, 454; -man, 428; -mother, 400; -pug, 449; -sow, 460; -wolf, 449. 450

Wheel, effigy of death attached to a, 311; fire kindled by the rotation of a, 627 , 639, 644; as a symbol of the sun, 644

Wheels, burning, rolled down hill, 612, 613, 615, 622-4. 626, 641, 643, 645, 646; rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilise them, 629, 647 ; perhaps intended to burn witches, 649

Whit-Monday, custom observed by Russian girls on, 128; the Leaf King at Hildes- heim on, 130; the king of Bohemia on, 130; the king's game on, 132; pretence of beheading a leaf-clad man on, 297; pre- tence of beheading the king on, 298-9

Whitsun-Bride in Denmark, 133

Whitsuntide, races at, 1 24, 1 29 ; contests for the kingship at, 129. 132; drama of Summer and Winter at, 317

Whitsuntide Basket. 129; Bride, 132, 133, 135; Bridegroom, 133; crown, 132, 133; customs, 121, 124, 128-35; King, 129. 132, 133, 298-9; -lout, 128; mummers, 296-301; Queen, 131, 132. 299

Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, 654; burnt in summer bonfires, 655

Widows and widowers, mourning customs observed by, 207

Wife, the Old, name given to the last corn cut, 403

Wife's infidelity thought to injure her absent husband, 23, 25

Wild animals, propitiated by hunters, 518-

Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, 467

Willow, mistletoe growing on, 660

Willow-tree, 683; at festival of Green George among the gypsies, 126-7

Winamwanga of Northern Rhodesia, 708

Wind, the magical control of the, 80-83; of the Cross, 81; in the corn, sayings as to the, 399. 448. 454. 457. 459, 460, 463

Winds, charms to calm the, 80; sold to sailors, 81; tied up in knots, 81; kept in jars, 170

Wine, the sacramental use of, 498

Winnowing basket, image of snake m, 535

fan, in rain-making, 73; used to scatter

ashes of human victims. 378, 443 ; an emblem of Dionysus, 388

Winter, ceremony at the end of, 551; gen- eral clearance of evils at the beginning or end of, 575

^' — and Summer, dramatic battle of. 316-

Witch, burnt in Ireland, 56; burnt at St. Andrews, 243; name given to last com cut after sunset, 403; Old, burning the, 429. See also Witches

"Witch-shots," 649

Witchcraft, dread of. 194, 236; strangers suspected of practising, 194; practised in Scotland, 542 ; protections against, 610, 620, 626-8, 648, 656, 663, 666, 702, 707; need-fire, a sovereign remedy for, 641 ; ailments attributed to, 649; fatal to milk and butter, 663

Witches, 44; raise the wind, 80, 81; make use of cut hair, 234, 237 ; protections against, 243, 620, 627; expulsion of, 560; burning of. 560. 561. 621. 635, 658; shoot- ing the, 561; effigies of, burnt in bonfires. 610, 612, 613, 648, 658; charm to protect fields against. 615; cast spells on cattle, 620; steal milk from cows, 620, 627, 628. 648; abroad on Walpurgis Night. 622; driving away, 622; resort to the Blocks- berg, 625; steal milk and butter, 628; abroad at Hallowe'en, 634; cause hail and thunderstorms, 649; burning missiles

INDEX

tliTOwn at, 649; brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke. 649-50; thought to keep th'nr strength in their hair, 680-81; tortured in India, 681; animal familiars of, 684

Witchetty grubs, 17

Wives, taboos observed by, 21-5

Wizards, 43; Finnish, 81; capture human souls, 1 87, 188; thought to keep their strength in their hair, 680-81 ; animal familiars of, 683, 684

Wolf, track of, in contagious magic, 44 ; corn-spirit as, 448; last sheaf at harvest called, 449, 450; beast-god of Lycopolis in Egypt, 500; ceremonies at killing a. 520. 521; the Green, 628, 652, 664

Wolf society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into, 699

Women, tabooi observed by, 20, 25 , 26; dances of, 26-8, 64; employed to bow fields on the principle of homoeopathic magic, 28; plough as a rain-charm, 70; worshipped by ancient Germans, 97; married to gods, 142-5; tabooed at men- struation and childbirth, 207-10, 603; not allowed to mention husbands' names, 249; influence of corn-spirit on, 410; thought to have no soul, 497; ceremonies performed by, to rid fields of vermin, 531; put to death in the character of goddesses in Mexico, 589; impregnated by the sun, 603; dread of menstnious, 603

, barren, charms to procure offspring,

14; sterilising influence ascribed to, 29, 137; thought to conceive through eating nuts of a palm-tree, 119; fertilised by trees, 119, 120; thought to blight the fruits of the earth, 137; fertilised by being struck with a certain stick, 581

, pregnant, forbidden to spin or twist

ropes, 21 ; not to loiter in the doorways where there are, 22; employed to fertiHse crops and fruit-trees, 28

Wonghi tribe of New South Wales, 692

Wood, King of the, at Nemi, I, 3, 8, 106, 140, 147, 163, 164, 167, 269, 296, 300. 301. 586, 593, 703, 710

Wood-spirits in goat form, 465

Woodmen, ceremonies observed by, at felling trees. 112, 113

Words, tabooed, 244-62; savages take a materialistic view of, 247

World, as regarded by early man, 91

Wotjobaluk tribe in Victoria, 43, 687

Wotyaks, the, of Russia, 143. 559

Wound and weapon, contagious magic of, 41-3

Wrack (Hag), name given to last corn cut in Wales, 403. 404

Wren, hunting the, 536-7

Wunsch, R., 344

Wurtemberg, bushes set up on Palm Sunday in, 125; the thresher of the last corn at Tettnang in, 456; eflBgy of goat at EU- wangen in, 456; leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, 653

Wurunjeri tribe of Victoria, 183

Xerxes in Thessaly, 290 Xnumayo tribe of Zulus. 257

Yabim tribe of New Guinea, 213, 597, 694 Yakut shamans and their external souls.

Yakuts, 80 Yams, feast of, 200; ceremony at eating

the new, 483 Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, 598 Yarilo, the, funeral of, celebrated in Russia,

Year, the fixed Alexandrian, 373; the

Caffre, 483; the Egyptian, a vague year,

368; the old Roman, 577; the Slavonic,

Years, cycle of eight, in ancient Greece, 279;

the King of the, in Tibet, 573, 574 Yellow colour in magic, 15 Yezo or Yesso, Japanese island, the Ainos

of, 505, 507 Ynglingar family, 155 Yorkshire, "burning the Old Witch" in,

429 ; clergyman cuts the first corn in.

Yorubas of West Africa, 230, 256, 273, 570 Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to

Minos, 280 Yuin tribe of New South Wales, 191 Yuki Indians of California, 27 Yukon River, the Lower, the Esquimaux

of, 193 Yule Boar, 461-2, 478; log, 636-8, 641, 643,

Yuracares of Eastern Bolivia, 601

Zafimanelo, the, of Madagascar, 198

Zagriiuk. Babylonian festival, 281

Zagreus, a form of Dionysus, 388

Zaparo Indians of Ecuador, 495

Zapotecs of Central America, 687 ; the pontiff of the, 170, 593, 595

Zara-mama, Maize Mother, 413

Zemis of Assam, 248

Zeus, rain made by. 71; the priest of, makes rain by an oak branch, 77; mimicked by King Salmoneus, 77; marriage with Demeter at Eleusis, 142; and Hera, 143, 159; and Dione, 151, 165; as god of the oak, the rain, and the thtinder, 159; his oracular oak at Dodona, 159; prayed to for rain, 159; Greek kings called, 159; sumamed Thunderbolt, 159; his resem- blance to Donar, Thor, Perun, and Per- kunas, 160-61; the grave of, 265; his oracular cave on Mount Ida, 280; his intrigue with Persephone, 388; said to have transferred the sceptre to young Dionysus, 388; father of Dionysus by Demeter, .389; his appearance to Her- cules in the shape of a ram, 500; and Danae, 602

Zeus, the Descender, places struck by light- ning consecrated to, 159; Heavenly , at Sparta, 9; Lacedaemon, at Sparta, 9; Laphystian, 290-92; Lightning, sacrificial hearth of, 159; Polieus in Cos, 466

Zimbas, or Muzimbas, of South-east Africa,

Zoganes, temporary king at Babylon, put to death after a reign of five days, 282

INDEX

Zoilus, priest of Dionysus at Orchomenus,

Ztilu language, its diversity, 258

Zululand, rain-making by means of a "heaven-bird" in, 75; children buried to the neck as a rain-charm in, 75: names of chiefs and kings tabooed in, 257; kings

put to death in, 272; festival of first- fruits in, 483; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 595; gardens fumigated with medi- cated smoke in, 645

Zulus, 192, 495, 498

Zuni Indians of New Mexico, 502, 504, 57!

^ytniamatka, the Corn-mother, 421